Systems and methods for the construction of structures utilizing additive manufacturing techniques

ABSTRACT

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of constructing a structure and related non-transitory computer readable medium. In an embodiment, the method includes (a) defining a vertical first slice and a second vertical slice of the structure. A lateral cross-section of the structure within the first vertical slice is different than the lateral cross-section of the structure for the second vertical slice. In addition, the method includes (b) depositing a plurality of first vertically stacked layers of an extrudable building material with a printing assembly to form the first vertical slice. Further, the method includes depositing a plurality of second vertically stacked layers of the extrudable building material atop the first vertical slice with the printing assembly to form the second vertical slice.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of pending patent applicationSer. No. 16/230,585 filed Dec. 21, 2018, from which priority is claimed.The contents of the application are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure is generally directed to the design and construction ofstructures (e.g., dwellings, buildings, etc.). More particular, thisdisclosure is directed to the design and construction of structuresutilizing additive manufacturing techniques.

Structures (e.g., dwellings, buildings, sheds, etc.) may be manufacturedwith a multitude of different materials and construction methods. Amongthe materials commonly used in the construction of structures isconcrete. For example, concrete may be utilized in the foundation of astructure and possibly in the construction of exterior walls.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Some embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a method ofconstructing a structure. In an embodiment, the method includes (a)defining a vertical first slice and a second vertical slice of thestructure. A lateral cross-section of the structure within the firstvertical slice is different than the lateral cross-section of thestructure for the second vertical slice. In addition, the methodincludes (b) depositing a plurality of first vertically stacked layersof an extrudable building material with a printing assembly to form thefirst vertical slice. Further, the method includes (c) depositing aplurality of second vertically stacked layers of the extrudable buildingmaterial atop the first vertical slice with the printing assembly toform the second vertical slice.

In other embodiments, the method includes (a) depositing a plurality offirst layers of an extrudable building material on a foundation. foreach of the first layers, (a) includes: (a1) depositing a bead of theextrudable material to form a first enclosed border of the wall; and(a2) depositing a plurality of beads of the extrudable material withinthe enclosed border to form an infill within the first enclosed border.In addition, the method includes (b) depositing a plurality of secondlayers of the extrudable building material atop the plurality of firstlayers.

Still other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to anon-transitory computer-readable medium containing instructions that,when executed by a processor define a master slice of a structure. Themaster slice has a lateral cross-section that shows all windows and doorframes of the structure open. In addition, the processor is to define aplurality of vertical slices of a structure as a variant of the masterslice. A lateral cross-section of each of the plurality of verticalslices is different from the lateral cross-section of the other of theplurality of vertical slices. Further, the processor is to define one ofmore enclosed borders to represent the walls within each of theplurality of vertical slices, and to define infill to be disposed withineach of the one or more enclosed borders. Still further, the processoris to define a tool path for a printing assembly to deposit beads of anextrudable building material to form the one or more enclosed bordersand the infill for each of the plurality of vertical slices.

Embodiments described herein comprise a combination of features andcharacteristics intended to address various shortcomings associated withcertain prior devices, systems, and methods. The foregoing has outlinedrather broadly the features and technical characteristics of thedisclosed embodiments in order that the detailed description thatfollows may be better understood. The various characteristics andfeatures described above, as well as others, will be readily apparent tothose skilled in the art upon reading the following detaileddescription, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should beappreciated that the conception and the specific embodiments disclosedmay be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing otherstructures for carrying out the same purposes as the disclosedembodiments. It should also be realized that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the principlesdisclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a detailed description of various exemplary embodiments, referencewill now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a construction system and a structureaccording to some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is another perspective view of the construction system of FIG. 1according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a schematic front view of the rail assemblies of theconstruction system of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of one of the vertical supportassemblies disposed on one of the rail assemblies of the constructionsystem of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic view of one of the wheel assemblies ofthe vertical support assembly of FIG. 4 coupled to the rail assembly ofFIG. 4 according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are schematic side and bottom views, respectively, of oneof the connection block assemblies of the construction system of FIG. 1according to some embodiments;

FIG. 8 is a schematic side view of one of the vertical supportassemblies disposed on an alternative rail assembly of the constructionsystem of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged, schematic front view of the rail assembly of thevertical support assembly coupled to the rail assembly of FIG. 8according to some embodiments;

FIG. 10 is a front schematic view of the vertical support assembly ofFIG. 4 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 11 is a top view of the printing assembly of the constructionsystem of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 12 is a schematic side view of the printing assembly of FIG. 11according to some embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a diagram of the construction system of FIG. 1 according tosome embodiments;

FIGS. 14 and 15 are side views of the printing system of FIG. 11supported on a trolley bridge assembly of the construction system ofFIG. 1 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 16 is a diagram of the construction system of FIG. 1 according tosome embodiments;

FIGS. 17 and 18 are block diagrams of methods according to someembodiments;

FIG. 19 is a schematic, perspective view of a construction systemaccording to some embodiments;

FIG. 20 is a schematic, perspective view of a construction systemaccording to some embodiments;

FIG. 21 is a diagram of a floor plan of a structure constructedaccording to some embodiments;

FIG. 22 is a line diagram of the structure of FIG. 21 according to someembodiments;

FIG. 23 is a shell diagram of the structure of FIG. 21 according to someembodiments;

FIG. 24 is an infill diagram of the structure of FIG. 21 according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a super-imposition of the infill diagram ofFIG. 24 atop the shell diagram of FIG. 23 according to some embodiments;

FIG. 26 is an enlarged schematic diagram of a wall segment according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 27 is a diagram of a master slice defined according to someembodiments;

FIG. 28 is a side view of the structure of FIG. 21 according to someembodiments;

FIGS. 29-32 are diagrams of various slices from the structure of FIG. 21according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 33 and 34 are sequential schematic views of tool paths for formingor printing a layer of a structure according to some embodiments;

FIG. 35 is a schematic view of a system for designing and constructing astructure according to some embodiments; and

FIG. 36 is a diagram of a method for designing and constructing astructure according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The following discussion is directed to various exemplary embodiments.However, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that theexamples disclosed herein have broad application, and that thediscussion of any embodiment is meant only to be exemplary of thatembodiment, and not intended to suggest that the scope of thedisclosure, including the claims, is limited to that embodiment.

The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features andcomponents herein may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhatschematic form and some details of conventional elements may not beshown in interest of clarity and conciseness.

In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and“comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should beinterpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . .” Also, theterm “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect ordirect connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device,that connection may be through a direct connection of the two devices,or through an indirect connection that is established via other devices,components, nodes, and connections. In addition, as used herein, theterms “axial” and “axially” generally mean along or parallel to a givenaxis (e.g., central axis of a body or a port), while the terms “radial”and “radially” generally mean perpendicular to the given axis. Forinstance, an axial distance refers to a distance measured along orparallel to the axis, and a radial distance means a distance measuredperpendicular to the axis.

As used herein, the terms “about,” “approximately,” substantially,”“generally,” and the like mean plus or minus 10% of the stated value orrange. In addition, as used herein, an “extrudable building material”refers to a building material that may be delivered or conveyed througha conduit (e.g., such as a flexible conduit) and extruded (e.g., via anozzle or pipe) in a desired location. In some embodiments, anextrudable building material includes a cement mixture (e.g., concrete,cement, etc.). Further, as used herein, the term “computing device”refers to any suitable device (or collection of devices) that isconfigured to execute, store, and/or generate machine readableinstructions (e.g., non-transitory machine readable medium). The termmay specifically include devices, such as, computers (e.g., personalcomputers, laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, personaldata assistants, etc.), servers, controllers, etc. A computing devicemay include a processor and a memory, wherein the processor is toexecute machine readable instructions that are stored on the memory.

As previously described above, structures (e.g., dwellings, buildings,sheds, etc.) may be manufactured with a multitude of different materialsand construction methods. Traditionally, a building (e.g., a dwelling)may be constructed upon a composite slab or foundation that comprisesconcrete reinforced with re-bar or other metallic materials. Thestructure itself may then be framed (e.g., with wood and/or metalframing members), and then an outer shell and interior coverings (e.g.,ply-wood, sheet rock, etc.) may be constructed around the structuralframing. Utilities (e.g., water and electrical power delivery as well asvents and ducting for air conditioning and heating systems) may beenclosed within the outer shell and interior covers along withinsulation. This method of designing and constructing a structure iswell known and has been successfully utilized in constructing anuncountable number of structures; however, it requires multipleconstructions steps that cannot be performed simultaneously and thatoften require different skills and trades to complete. As a result, thisprocess for designing and constructing a structure can extend over aconsiderable period (e.g., 6 months to a year or more). Such a lengthyconstruction period is not desirable in circumstances that call for theconstruction of a structure in a relatively short period of time.

Accordingly, embodiments disclosed herein include construction systems,methods of construction, and even methods for structure design thatallow a structure (such as a personal dwelling) to be constructed in afraction of the time associated with traditional construction methods.In particular, embodiments disclosed herein utilize additivemanufacturing techniques (e.g., three dimensional (3D) printing) inorder to produce a structure more quickly, economically, and in asystematic manner.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a construction system 10 according tosome embodiments is shown. In this embodiment, construction system 10generally includes a pair of rail assemblies 20, a gantry 50 movablydisposed on rail assemblies 20, and a printing assembly 100 movablydisposed on gantry 50. As will be described below, construction system10 is configured to form a structure, such as for example the structure5 shown in FIG. 1 , via additive manufacturing, specifically 3Dprinting. In particular, system 10 (via rail assemblies 20 and gantry50) is configured to controllably move or actuate printing assembly 100relative to the foundation 4 of structure 5 along each of a plurality oforthogonal movement axes or directions 12, 14, 16 such that printingassembly 100 may controllably deposit an extrudable building material ina plurality of vertically stacked layers to form structure 5. As shownin FIG. 2 , axes 12, 14, 16 are each orthogonal to one another—with axis12 being orthogonal to both axes 14, 16, axis 14 being orthogonal toaxes 12 and 16, and axis 16 being orthogonal to axes 12 and 14. Inaddition, the origin (not shown) of axes 12, 14, 16 is generallydisposed at the printing assembly 100.

To ensure the clarity of the following discussion of construction system10, the details of example structure 5 will be quickly described. Inparticular, as shown in FIG. 1 , structure 5 includes a plurality ofwalls 7, a plurality of windows 3 extending through the walls 7, and adoor frame 9 also extending through one of the walls 7. Structure 5 isformed upon a foundation 4. In this embodiment, foundation 4 is areinforced concrete slab that is formed by first building an exteriorform or mold (not shown), then placing a plurality of metallic rods(e.g., rebar) within the form in a desired pattern (e.g., in a gridpattern), and finally filling the mold with liquid or semi liquidconcrete mixture. Once the concrete has sufficiently dried and/or cured(e.g., such that the foundation 4 may support the weight of structure5), structure 5 may be constructed (e.g., printed) atop foundation 4utilizing construction system 10. As shown in FIG. 1 , foundationincludes a planar (or substantially planar) top surface 4 a, and aperimeter 6. In some embodiments, axes 12 and 14 form or define a planethat is parallel to top surface 4 a of foundation, and axis 16 extendsin a normal direction from top surface 4 a. Thus, in instances where topsurface 4 a is substantially level (or perpendicular to the direction ofgravity), axes 12, 14 define a level, horizontal or lateral plane, andaxis 16 defines the vertical direction.

Referring now to FIGS. 2-3 , in this embodiment, each rail assembly 20is disposed on top surface 4 a of foundation and includes a central axis25, a first end 20 a, and a second end 20 b opposite first end 20 a.Axes 25 of rail assemblies 20 are parallel and radially spaced from oneanother across top surface 4 a such that first ends 20 a and second ends20 b of rail assemblies 20 are generally aligned with one another acrosstop surface 4 a. In addition, each of the axes 25 of rail assemblies 20extend parallel to axis 12 (and thus, each axis 25 also extends in adirection that is perpendicular to the direction of axis 14 and thedirection of axis 16). As best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 , each railassembly 20 includes an elongate channel member 22 extending axiallybetween ends 20 a, 20 b along axis 25 that includes a pair of axiallyextending walls 24 defining a recess 26 extending therebetween. Inparticular, elongate channel member 22 includes a first wall 24 a, and asecond wall 24 b radially spaced from first wall 24 a with respect toaxis 25, so that recess 26 is disposed radially between walls 24 a, 24b.

An axially extending elongate angle member 28 is secured (e.g., welded,bolted, riveted, etc.) within recess 26 between walls 24 a, 24 b. Aswill be described in more detail below, angle members 28 of railassemblies 20 form tracks to guide movement of gantry 50 (and printingassembly 100) across foundation 4 along axis 12 during constructionoperations. As is best shown in FIG. 3 , in this embodiment angle member28 is radially positioned closer to first wall 24 a than second wall 24b (i.e., angle member 28 is not equidistantly spaced between walls 24 a,24 b within recess 26 in this embodiment). Thus, a space or clearance 29is formed radially between angle member 28 and second wall 24 b. As isalso best shown in FIG. 3 , channel members 22 of rail assemblies 20 arepositioned along foundation such that second walls 24 b radially faceone another across top surface 4 a, and first walls 24 a radially faceaway from one another.

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4 , an elongate rack 32 is secured to firstwall 24 a of each rail assembly 20 via a corresponding frame 34.Accordingly, each rack 32 extends axially with respect to thecorresponding axis 25 as well as axis 12. As best shown in FIG. 4 , eachrack 32 includes a plurality of teeth 36 that are axially adjacent oneanother along the corresponding rail assembly 20.

Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2 , gantry 50 generally includes a pairof vertical support assemblies 60, an upper bridge assembly 70 spanningbetween vertical support assemblies 60, and a trolley bridge assembly 80also spanning between vertical support assemblies 60, below upper bridgeassembly 70. As will be described in more detail below, each of thevertical support assemblies 60 is movably coupled to a corresponding oneof the rail assemblies 20 so that vertical support assemblies 60 maytraverse along axis 12 during operations. In addition, trolley bridgeassembly 80 is movably coupled to each of the vertical supportassemblies 60 so that trolley bridge assembly 80 may traverse along axis16 during operations. Each of these components will now be described inmore detail below.

Referring to FIG. 4 , each vertical support assembly 60 includes alongitudinal axis 65, a first or lower support girder 62, and a secondor upper support girder 64 axially spaced from lower support girder 62along axis 65. In addition, vertical support assembly 60 includes aplurality of support legs 66 extending axially between girders 62, 64with respect to axis 65. In this embodiment, axis 65 extends in thevertical direction, or along the direction of the force of gravity, andthus, axis 65 of each vertical support assembly 60 is parallel to axis16, and support legs 66 of each vertical support assembly 60 extendvertically between the corresponding girders 62, 64.

Referring still to FIG. 4 , each vertical support assembly 60 furtherincludes a pair of roller assemblies 68 coupled to lower support girder62. Each roller assembly 68 includes a corresponding roller 67 thatengages with angle member 28 within the corresponding rail assembly 20.More specifically, referring briefly to FIG. 5 , each roller 67 includesa circumferential channel 67 a, which in this embodiment is a v-shapedchannel or groove extending circumferentially about roller 67. Channel67 a engages and mates with elongate angle member 28 of a correspondingone of the rail assemblies 20. Thus, during operations, each verticalsupport assembly 60 (and thus also gantry 50—See FIGS. 1 and 2 ) isconfigured to traverse axially with respect to axes 25 of railassemblies 20 and axis 12 (see FIG. 2 ) along and relative to topsurface 4 a of foundation via rolling engagement between rollers 67 andelongate angle members 28.

Referring now to FIGS. 4, 6, and 7 , a lateral actuation assembly 40 iscoupled between each vertical support assembly 60 and the correspondingrail assembly 20 (that is, there is a corresponding lateral actuationassembly 40 coupled between each vertical support assembly 60 andcorresponding rail assembly 20 within construction system 10). However,it should be appreciated that in other embodiments, a single lateralactuation assembly 40 is coupled between a select one of the verticalsupport assemblies 60 and a corresponding one of the rail assemblies 20.Each lateral actuation assembly 40 generally comprises a driver 42 and aconnection block assembly 46 for coupling driver to lower girder 62 ofvertical support assembly 60.

Driver 42 includes an output shaft 41 and is configured to rotate shaft41 about an axis 45 that extends in a direction that is generallyperpendicular to the direction of axis 25 of the corresponding railassembly 20 (however, it should be appreciated that such precisealignment may not exist in other embodiments). Driver 42 may compriseany suitable driver or prime mover for rotating output shaft 41 aboutaxis 45, such as, for example, an electric motor, a hydraulic motor, apneumatic motor, etc. In this embodiment, driver 42 comprises anelectric motor (e.g., a servo motor). In addition, driver 42 isconfigured to rotate shaft 41 in either direction (e.g., clockwise,counterclockwise, etc.) about axis 45. As best shown in FIG. 7 , shaft41 includes a plurality of teeth 41 a mounted thereto that areconfigured to mesh with the teeth 36 of rack 32 of the correspondingrail assembly 20 (see FIG. 4 ). Thus, teeth 41 a of shaft 41 may form apinion gear that is configured to mesh with the teeth 36 of rack 32.

Referring still to FIGS. 4, 6, and 7 , connection block assembly 46includes a first block or member 44 mounted to driver 42, a second blockor member 48 mounted to lower girder 62, and a third block or member 47.First block 44 includes an aperture 43 (see FIG. 7 ) that receives shaft41 of driver 42 therethrough along axis 45. In addition, second block 48is secured to girder 62 by a plurality of bolts 48 a. A plurality ofconnector studs 38 (or more simply “studs 38”) extend through each ofthe first block 44, second block 48, and third block 47. In thisembodiment, connector studs 38 extend through blocks 44, 48, 47 in adirection that is perpendicular to the directions of the axis 45 ofshaft 41 and the axis 25 of the corresponding rail assembly 20. Eachstud 38 has a first end 38 a, and a second end 38 b opposite first end38 a. First block 44 is proximate first ends 38 a of each stud 38, thirdblock 47 is proximate second ends 38 b of each stud 38, and second block44 is disposed between blocks 44, 47.

In addition, studs 38 are fixed within first block 44 and third block 47due to the engagement of nuts 39 about studs 38 on either side of blocks44, 47. Accordingly, studs 38 may not move relative to blocks 44, 47during operations. In other embodiments, some other technique may beused to fix studs 38 relative to blocks 44, 47 (e.g., threadedengagement of studs within blocks 44, 47, welding, etc.). In addition,in this embodiment, studs 38 may freely slide within and relative tosecond block 48. A biasing member 49 is disposed between second block 48and third block 47. Biasing member 49 is configured to bias second block48 away from third block 47 (or third block 47 away from second block48) along studs 38. In this embodiment, biasing member 49 comprises acoiled spring; however, any suitable biasing member configured tolinearly bias to members apart from one another may be used in otherembodiments, such as, for example, a piston. Because studs 38 are fixedwithin first block 44 and third block 47, and are free to slide withinsecond block 48 as previously described, biasing third block 47 fromsecond block 48 along studs 38 also biases first block 44 toward secondblock 48. As best appreciated in FIG. 6 , the biasing of first block 44toward second block 48 further biases shaft 41 into engagement with rack32 mounted to first wall 24 a of the corresponding rail assembly 20.Accordingly, connection block assembly 46 is configured to bias teeth 41mounted to shaft 41 into cooperative engagement with the correspondingteeth 36 on rack 32 of the corresponding rail assembly 20.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 4 , during operations, driver 42 of eachlateral actuation assembly 40 is selectively actuated rotate thecorresponding shaft 41. Due to the engagement between teeth 41 a ofshafts 41 (see FIG. 7 ) and the teeth 36 of the corresponding racks 32on rail assemblies 20, the rotation of shafts 41 about the correspondingaxes 45 causes traversal of each vertical support assembly 60 axiallyalong the corresponding rail assembly 20 with respect to axis 12.Accordingly, the actuation of drivers 42 causes movement or translationof gantry 50 along axis 12 relative to foundation 4.

Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9 , while the embodiment of FIGS. 1-7 hasincluded rail assemblies 20 that are secured to the top surface 4 a offoundation 4, it should be appreciated that other embodiments ofconstruction system 10 (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ) include rail assemblies thatare mounted to other surfaces of foundation 4, such as, for example, theperimeter 6. In particular, FIGS. 8 and 9 depict another embodiment ofrail assemblies 120 for supporting gantry 50 (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ) onfoundation 4. Rail assemblies 120 each include a central axis 125 (thatextends in the same direction as axis 25 of rail assemblies 20 and thusis parallel to axis 12 shown in FIG. 2 as previously described) and anelongate angle member 122 in place of elongate channel member 22 (seeFIG. 3 ). Elongate angle member 122 includes a first portion 122 a and asecond portion 122 b extending perpendicularly from first portion 122 a.First portion 122 a includes a plurality of apertures 123 extendingtherethrough. In this embodiment, apertures 123 are slots that areelongated axially with respect to axis 125. Elongate angle member 122 issecured to foundation 4 by inserting bolts 124 or other suitableconnection members through the apertures 123 and into perimeter 6 offoundation 4. Accordingly, once elongate angle member 122 is secured toperimeter 6 of foundation 4, second portion 122 b of angle member 122extends parallel to and may be flush with top surface 4 a of foundation4.

Rack 32 and elongate angle member 28, both of which are the same aspreviously described above, are coupled to second portion 122 b ofelongate angle member 122. Thus, as best shown in FIG. 8 , rollers 67 ofvertical support assembly 60 are engaged with elongate angle member 28in the same manner as described above, and shaft 41 of driver 42 ismeshed or engaged with the teeth 36 of rack 32 in the same manner asdescribed above. Further, connection block assembly 46 is configured tobias shaft 41 into engagement with rack 32 via lower girder of verticalsupport assembly 60 in the same manner as previously described above.Thus, the traversal of gantry 50 (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ) (includingvertical support assemblies 60) along axis 12 across top surface 4 autilizing rail assemblies 120 is substantially the same as thatdescribed above for rail assemblies 20, and a detailed description ofthese operations is omitted in the interest of brevity. However, itshould be appreciated that by use of rail assemblies 120 that aremounted to perimeter 6 of foundation 4, all (or substantially all) oftop surface 4 a is available for the construction of a structure (e.g.,structure 5 shown in FIG. 1 ).

Referring back now to FIG. 2 , upper bridge assembly 70 includes a pairof girders 72 that are mounted to and span between upper girders 64 ofvertical support assemblies 60. In particular, each girder 72 includes afirst end 72 a and a second end 72 b opposite first end 72 a. The firstend 72 a of each girder 72 is mounted or secured to the upper girder 64of one vertical support assemblies 60, and the second end 72 b of eachgirder 72 is mounted or secured to upper girder 64 of the other verticalsupport assembly 60. In this embodiment, each girder 72 extends in adirection that is parallel to axis 14; however, such precise alignmentis not achieved in some embodiments. In addition, upper bridge assembly70 further includes a plurality of cross-braces 74, each extendingbetween a corresponding one of the girders 72 to a corresponding one ofthe support legs 66 of vertical support assemblies 60. Accordingly,vertical support assemblies 60 are secured to one another via upperbridge assembly 70, so that each of the vertical support assemblies 60are moved together about top surface 4 a of foundation 4 along axis 12during printing operations.

Referring still to FIG. 2 , trolley bridge assembly 80 includes a pairof girders 82′, 82″ (namely a first girder 82′ and a second girder 82″)coupled to and spanning between vertical support assemblies 60. Inaddition, printing assembly 100 is movably coupled to girders 82′, 82″.As will be described in more detail below, girders 82′, 82″ of trolleybridge assembly 80 are movably coupled to vertical support assemblies60, such that girders 82′, 82″ may traverse along axis 16 duringoperations. In addition, printing assembly 100 is movably coupled togirders 82′, 82″ such that printing assembly 100 is configured totraverse along axis 14 between girders 82′, 82″ during operations.

Referring now to FIGS. 2, 4, and 10 , each girder 82′, 82″ includes afirst end 82 a, and a second end 82 b opposite first end 82 a. Firstends 82 a of girders 82′, 82″ are coupled to one of the vertical supportassemblies 60, and second ends 82 a of girders 82′, 82″ are coupled tothe other vertical support assembly 60. FIGS. 4 and 10 depict thecoupling between first ends 82 a of girders 82′, 82″ and one of thevertical support assemblies 60; however, it should be appreciated thatsecond ends 82 b of girders 82′, 82″ are coupled to the other verticalsupport assembly 60 in the same manner.

As shown in FIGS. 4 and 10 , first ends 82 a of girders 82′, 82″ areeach mounted to a connection bracket 84. In this embodiment, connectionbracket 84 comprises a plate and includes a pair of support sleeves 86and a threaded collar 88 mounted thereto. A threaded rod 83 extendsaxially with respect to the vertically oriented axis 65 of verticalsupport assembly 60 between lower girder 62 and upper girder 64 ofvertical support assembly 60. Thus, threaded rod 83 also extends axiallywith respect to axis 16 (see FIG. 2 ). Threaded rod 83 includes a firstor lower end 83 a mounted to lower girder 62 via a mounting plate 81,and a second or upper end 83 b cooperatively engaged within a driver 87that is mounted to upper girder 64 via a mounting plate 89. A pluralityof support rods 76 also extend axially between mounting plates 81, 89with respect to axis 65.

Threaded rod 83 is threadably engaged within threaded collar 88 (i.e.,threaded collar 88 includes internal threads that engage and mesh withthe external threads extending about threaded rod 83). In addition,support rods 76 are slidably received within support sleeves 86 onconnection bracket 84.

Driver 87 may comprise any suitable driver or prime mover, such aspreviously described above for driver 42. In this embodiment, driver 87comprises an electric motor (e.g., a servo motor) that is configured torotate threaded rod 83 in either a clockwise or counterclockwisedirection about a central or longitudinal axis (not shown) of rod 83(note: the longitudinal axis of rod 83 may extend parallel to axis 65).As a result, the coupling between threaded rod 83 and mounting plate 81may include any suitable bearing(s) or other support device(s)configured to support the rotation of threaded rod 83 relative to plate81 during operations. During operations, driver 87 selectively rotatesthreaded rod 83 as previously described above so that threaded rod 83rotates within threaded collar 88. Because collar 88 is threadablyengaged with threaded rod 83 as previously described, the rotation ofthreaded rod 83 within collar causes collar 88, connection bracket 84,and girders 82′, 82″ to translate axially between ends 83 a, 83 b alongaxis 65 (and axis 16). In addition, the axial movement of connectionbracket 84, and girders 82′, 82″ is further guided by the slidingengagement between support rods 76 and support sleeves 86. Accordingly,the actuation of drivers 87 is configured to translate trolley bridgeassembly 80 and printing assembly 100 along axis 16 during operations.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 11 , printing assembly 100 is coupled togirders 82′, 82″ and is configured to move or translate between ends 82a, 82 b of girders 82′, 82″ along axis 14 during operations. Generallyspeaking, printing assembly 100 is movably supported between girders 82via a pair of trolley members 92, 94.

Referring now to FIGS. 11-13 , printing assembly 100 generally includesa supply conduit 101, a hopper 102, a pump assembly 105, and an outflowconduit 110. As best shown in FIG. 13 , supply conduit 101 is configuredto deliver an extrudable building material (e.g., a cement mixture) froma source 130, which may comprise any suitable tank or vessel that isconfigured to contain a volume of extrudable building material therein.For example, in some embodiments, source 130 may comprise a tank, acement mixer (e.g., such as that found on a stand-alone cement mixer oron a cement truck), or other suitable container. Source 130 may bedisposed immediately adjacent foundation 4 and gantry 50, or may berelatively remote from foundation 4 and gantry 50.

In this embodiment, conduit 101 comprises a hose; however, othersuitable conduits or channels for delivering the extrudable buildingmaterial from the source 130 may be used in other embodiments (e.g.,pipes, open channels, tubing, etc.). Supply conduit 101 includes anoutlet 101 a that is disposed above hopper 102 so that cement emittedfrom outlet 101 a is provided into hopper 102 during operations.

As best shown in FIG. 12 , hopper 102 includes a first or upper end 102a, and a second or lower end 102 b opposite upper end 102 a. Inaddition, hopper 102 includes a plurality of converging walls 103 thatconverge toward one another moving from upper end 102 a to lower end 102b. As a result, extrudable building materials that is emitted into tohopper 102 (e.g., from outlet 101 a of supply conduit 101) is funneledor channeled toward lower end 102 b by converging walls 103 under theforce of gravity.

As is also best shown in FIG. 12 , pump assembly 105 is coupled to lowerend 102 b of hopper 102 and includes a pump housing 104, a screw 106disposed within housing 104, and a driver 108 coupled to screw 106.While not specifically shown, screw 106 includes one or more helicalblades that engage with extrudable building material disposed withinhousing 104. Driver 108 may comprise any suitable driver or prime mover,such as previously described above for drivers 42, 87. In thisembodiment, driver 108 comprises an electric motor that is configured torotate screw 106 within pump housing 104 to advance extrudable buildingmaterial within housing 104 into outflow conduit 110.

Outflow conduit 110 is fluidly coupled to pump housing 104 at a proximalend 110 a and includes a second or distal end 110 b extending away frompump housing 104. Distal end 110 b includes an outlet 112. In someembodiments, outlet 112 may comprise a nozzle or other flow controldevice.

Referring still to FIGS. 11-13 , during operations, an extrudablebuilding material is flowed from source 130 via a pump 132 (see FIG. 13) that is proximate source 130 and adjacent (and potentially distal) tofoundation 4. The building material is then conducted along supplyconduit 101 and emitted from outlet 101 a into hopper 102. Theconverging walls 103 of hopper 102 channel the extrudable buildingmaterial down toward lower end 102 b of hopper 102 such that thebuilding material then enters pump housing 104 and surrounds screw 106.Driver 108 rotates screw 106 such that the helical blades (notspecifically shown) of screw 106 engage with and advance the buildingmaterial within pump housing 104 toward outflow conduit 110. Thereafter,the extrudable building material flows through outflow conduit 110 andout of outlet 112 at distal end 110 b, so that is may be deposited at adesired location along foundation 4 (or on previously deposited orprinted building material).

Referring again to FIG. 11 , trolley members 92, 94 are disposed aboutprinting assembly 100 and are configured to support printing assembly100 between girders 82′, 82″ during operations. First trolley member 92is disposed about outflow conduit 110, and second trolley member 94 isdisposed about driver 108. Thus, in this embodiment, trolley members 92,94 are disposed on axially opposing sides of hopper 102 along axis 14.

Referring now to FIGS. 11, 14, and 15 , in addition to ends 82 a, 82 b(see FIGS. 2 and 10 ), as depicted in FIGS. 11 and 13 , girders 82′, 82″also each include an inner side 82 c, and outer side 82 d, a top side 82e, and a bottom side 82 f. Each of the sides 82 c, 82 d, 82 e, and 82 fextend axially between the ends 82 a, 82 b of the corresponding girder82′, 82″ with respect to axis 14. Girders 82′, 82″ extend parallel toone another along axis 14 such that inner sides 82 c face one another,and outer sides 82 d face away from one another. In addition, printingassembly 100 suspended between inner sides 82 c of girders 82′, 82″ viatrolley members 92, 94.

Referring specifically now to FIGS. 11 and 14 , first trolley member 92is disposed between inner sides 82 c of girders 82′, 82″ and includes anouter housing 93 that defines an inner cavity or space 96. Outer housing93 includes a first or upper side 93 a that is proximate upper side 82 eof girders 82′, 82″, and a second or lower side 93 b that is oppositeupper side 93 a and is proximate lower side 82 f of girders 82′, 82″. Inaddition, outer housing 93 includes a first lateral side 93 c extendingbetween upper and lower sides 93 a and 93 b, respectively, and a secondlateral side 93 d also extending between upper and lower sides 93 a and93 b and opposite first lateral side 93 c. Thus, first lateral side 93 cis proximate the inner side 82 c of first girder 82′ and second lateralside 93 d is proximate the inner side 82 c of second girder 82″. Asshown in FIG. 11 , a support bracket 107 is mounted to upper side 93 aof trolley member 93 to support supply conduit 101 above hopper 102(note: supply conduit 101 and bracket 107 are omitted from FIG. 14 so asto simplify the figure).

Cavity 96 receives outflow conduit 110 therethrough. A conduit supportmember or bracket 97 is mounted to frame member 92 within cavity 96 thatengages with outflow conduit 110. Thus, outflow conduit 110 is supportedby outer housing 93 of trolley member 92 via bracket 97. In addition, aplurality of first or upper rollers 98 extend from lateral sides 93 c,93 d and engage with upper sides 82 e of girders 82′, 82″, and aplurality of second or lower rollers 99 extend from lateral sides 93 c,93 d and engage with lower sides 82 d of girders 82′, 82″. As will bedescribed in more detail below, rollers 98, 99 are configured to freelyrotate relative to outer housing 93. Accordingly, during operationstrolley member 92 may traverse along axis 14 between girders 82′, 82″via rolling engagement of rollers 98 along upper sides 83 e, and rollingengagement of rollers 99 along lower sides 82 f.

Referring specifically to FIGS. 11 and 15 , second trolley member 94 isalso disposed between inner sides 82 c of girders 82′, 82″ and includesan outer housing 91 that defines an inner cavity or space 120. Outerhousing 91 includes a first or upper side 91 a that is proximate upperside 82 e of girders 82′, 82″, and a second or lower side 91 b that isopposite upper side 91 a and is proximate lower side 82 f of girders82′, 82″. In addition, outer housing 91 includes a first lateral side 91c extending between upper and lower sides 91 a and 91 b, respectively,and a second lateral side 91 d also extending between upper and lowersides 91 a and 91 b and opposite first lateral side 91 c. Thus, firstlateral side 91 c is proximate the inner side 82 c of first girder 82′and second lateral side 91 d is proximate the inner side 82 c of secondgirder 82″.

Cavity 120 receives driver 108 of printing assembly 100. A driversupport member or bracket 111 is mounted to frame member 94 withincavity 95 that engages with driver 108. Thus, driver 108 is supported byouter housing 91 of trolley member 94 via bracket 111. An elongate rack114 is mounted to the inner side 82 c of second girder 82″ such thatrack 114 extends axially with respect to axis 14. Specifically, in thisembodiment rack 114 is mounted to the inner side 82 c of second girder82″ proximate second lateral side 91 d of trolley frame member 94. Rack114 has a first or upper side 114 a and a second or lower side 114 bopposite upper side 114 a. Upper side 114 a of rack 114 is moreproximate upper side 82 e than lower side 82 f of the second girder 82″,and lower side 114 b of rack 114 is more proximate the lower side 82 fthan the upper side 82 e of second girder 82″. Lower side 114 includes aplurality of axially adjacent teeth 113 (note: only one tooth 113 isshown with a hidden line in FIG. 15 ).

Referring still to FIGS. 11 and 15 , a first or upper roller 112 extendsfrom first lateral side 91 c of outer housing 91 and engages with upperside 82 e of first girder 82′. In addition, a second or lower roller 109also extends from lateral side 91 c of outer housing 91 and engaged withlower side 82 f of first girder 82′. Further, a third roller 119 extendsfrom second lateral side 91 d of outer housing 91 and engages with upperside 114 a of rack 114. As will be described in more detail below,rollers 112, 109, 119 are configured to freely rotate relative to outerhousing 91. Accordingly, during operations trolley member 94 maytraverse along axis 14 between girders 82′, 82″ via rolling engagementof roller 112 along upper side 83 e of first girder 82′, rollingengagement of roller 109 along lower side 82 f of first girder 82′, androlling engagement of roller 119 along upper side 114 a of rack 114.

A driver 116 is mounted to second lateral side 91 d of trolley framemember 94. Driver 116 includes an output shaft 118 and is configured torotate shaft 118 about an axis 115 that extends in a direction that isgenerally perpendicular to the direction of axis 14 (however, it shouldbe appreciated that such precise alignment may not exist in otherembodiments). Specifically, driver 116 is disposed within cavity 120 oftrolley frame member 94 and shaft 118 extends through an aperture 117 infirst lateral side 91 d along axis 115 toward rack 114.

Driver 116 may comprise any suitable driver or prime mover, such aspreviously described above for drivers 42, 87, 108. In this embodiment,driver 116 comprises an electric motor (e.g., a servo motor). Inaddition, driver 116 is configured to rotate shaft 118 in eitherdirection (e.g., clockwise, counterclockwise, etc.) about axis 115.While not specifically shown in FIG. 15 , shaft 118 includes a pluralityof teeth mounted thereto (e.g., similar to teeth 41 a mounted to shaft41 as shown in FIG. 7 ) that are configured to mesh with the teeth 113of rack 114 mounted to second girder 82″. Thus, the teeth (not shown) ofshaft 118 may form a pinion gear that is configured to mesh with rack114.

Referring now to FIGS. 11, 14, and 15 , during operations, driver 116rotates shaft 118 about axis 115 to selectively engage the teeth onshaft 118 with the teeth 113 on rack 114 to translate or propel printingassembly 100 along axis 14 between ends 82 a, 82 b of girders 82′, 82″.The movement or translation of printing assembly 100 along axis 14further facilitated by rolling engagement of rollers 98, 99, 112, 109,119 and girders 82′, 82″ as previously described above.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 11 , supply conduit 101 is supported onupper side 83 e of second girder 82″. As printing assembly 100 moves ortraverses between girders 82′, 82″ along axis 14, outlet 101 a ofconduit 101 is translated along with conduit 101 via the engagement withsupport bracket 107 on first trolley member 92. Thus, during theseoperations, the remaining portions of conduit 101 are allowed to bendand flex to accommodate the movement of printing assembly 100 and outlet101 a along axis 14. In some embodiments, additional cable shielding orother compliant conduit support track may be disposed about supplyconduit 101 so as to facilitate and control the radius of curvatureimparted to supply conduit 101 during these operations. In addition,while not specifically shown, it should be appreciated that additionalcables or conduits may also be routed alongside supply conduit 101. Forexample, in some embodiments, electrical cabling (e.g., cabling forrouting electrical power and/or control signals to drivers 108, 116) mayalso be routed alongside supply conduit 101 (and thus also routedthrough any cable shielding or support track as described above).

Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2 , during a construction operation,printing assembly 100 is traversed along axes 12, 14, 16 aboutfoundation 4 via gantry 50 and rail assemblies 20. Simultaneously,printing assembly 100 is actuated (e.g., via pump assembly 105) toextrude or deposit building material (e.g., a cement mixture) in aplurality of vertically stacked layers thereby forming structure 5. Inparticular, during these operations printing assembly 100 is traversedalong the axis 12 via actuation of drivers 46 and the engagement betweenteeth 41 a on shafts 41 and elongate racks 32 mounted on rail assemblies20 (see FIG. 4 ). In addition, printing assembly 100 is traversed alongaxis 14 via actuation of driver 116 and the engagement between the teethon shaft 118 and the elongate rack 114 mounted to second girder 82″ oftrolley bridge assembly 80 (see FIG. 11 ). Further, printing assembly100 is traversed along the axis 16 via actuation of drivers 87 and thethreaded engagement between threaded rods 83 and the correspondingthreaded collars 88 on trolley bridge assembly 80 (see FIG. 4 ). Thus,the selective actuation of drivers 46, 116 (see FIGS. 4 and 11 ) causesprinting assembly 100 to be controllably maneuvered within a plane thatis parallel to top surface 4 a of foundation 4, and the selectiveactuation of drivers 87 causes printing assembly 100 to be controllablytranslated vertically (or along axis 16).

Referring again to FIG. 13 , the actuation of drivers 46, 116, 87 (seeFIGS. 4 and 11 ) may be monitored and controlled by a central controller202. Controller 202 may comprise any suitable device or assembly whichis capable of receiving an electrical or informational signal andtransmitting various electrical, mechanical, or informational signals toother devices (e.g., valve 201, pump assembly 105, etc.). In particular,in this example, controller 202 includes a processor 204 and a memory205. The processor 204 (e.g., microprocessor, central processing unit,or collection of such processor devices, etc.) executes machine readableinstructions provided on memory 205 to provide the processor 204 withall of the functionality described herein. The memory 205 may comprisevolatile storage (e.g., random access memory), non-volatile storage(e.g., flash storage, read only memory, etc.), or combinations of bothvolatile and non-volatile storage. Data consumed or produced by themachine readable instructions can also be stored on memory 205. Asuitable power source may also be included within or coupled tocontroller 202 to provide electrical power to the components withincontroller 202 (e.g., processor 204, memory 205, etc.). The power sourcemay comprise any suitable source of electrical power such as, forexample, a battery, capacitor, a converter or a local power grid, etc.

Controller 202 may be coupled to each of the drivers 87, 116, 46 via aplurality of communication paths 203. Communication paths 203 maycomprise any suitable wired (e.g., conductive wires, fiber optic cables,etc.) or wireless connection (e.g., WIFI, BLUETOOTH®, near fieldcommunication, radio frequency communication, infrared communication,etc.). In this embodiment, communications paths 203 comprise conductivewires that are configured to transmit power and/or communication signalsduring operations. In addition, as shown in FIG. 13 , controller 202 isalso coupled to each of the pump assembly 105 and pump 132 viaadditional conductive paths 203.

During operations, controller 202 selectively actuates drivers 87, 116,46 to controllably maneuver printing assembly 100 along each of the axes12, 14, 16, as previously described. In addition, controller 202 alsoactuates pump assembly 105 and pump 132 to controllably emit extrudablebuilding material from outlet 112 of outflow conduit 110 as previouslydescribed. Specifically controller 202 selectively maneuvers printingassembly 100 along axes 12, 14, 16 and emits building material fromoutlet 112 per machine readable instructions (e.g., software) that isstored on memory 205 and executed by processor 204. Embodiments of themachine readable instructions are discussed in more detail below;however, it should be appreciated that by executing the machine readableinstructions, layers of cement are deposited on foundation 4 such that astructure (e.g., structure 5) is formed or printed vertically fromfoundation upward via construction system 10. Referring briefly to FIGS.1 and 2 , in this embodiment, controller 202 may be disposed within anstorage cabinet 209 that is mounted or secured to one of the verticalsupport assemblies 60 of gantry 50. However, it should be appreciatedthat the location of controller 202 may be varied in other embodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 16 , in the embodiments described above pumpassembly 105 of printing assembly 100 is maneuvered carried by gantry 50along axes 12, 14, 16 to deposit controlled layers of extrudablebuilding material to form a structure (e.g., structure 5) (see FIGS. 1,2, 11, and 13 ). Without being limited to this or any other theory, byplacing pump assembly 105 proximate to outflow conduit 110, relativelyfine control both of the flow rate and the timing of initiation andcessation of flow of building material from outlet 112 may be exercised.Thus, cement may be deposited on foundation 4 with a high level ofprecision.

However, in other embodiments, it may be desirable to locate the pumpassembly 105 (and also hopper 102) distal to gantry 50, so that gantry50 need not carry the additional weight imparted by these componentsduring a construction operation. For example, referring now to FIG. 16 ,another embodiment of printing assembly 200 is shown coupled to gantry50 of construction system 10. Printing assembly 200 is substantially thesame as printing assembly 100, and thus, shared components are shownwith like reference numerals in FIG. 16 and the discussion below willfocus on the features of printing assembly 200 that are different fromprinting assembly 100. In addition, many features of construction system10 are not shown in FIG. 16 , since they are not pertinent to thediscussion of printing assembly 200. However, it should be appreciatedthat such un-depicted features would also be included withinconstruction system 10 in the same manner as described above. Therefore,the simplified depiction in FIG. 16 is merely mean to simplify thefigure and associated text.

As shown in FIG. 16 , printing assembly 200 includes outflow conduit 110and a pump assembly 207 that is disposed adjacent foundation 4 (ordistal thereto) and therefore is not carried on gantry 50 along withoutflow conduit 110. Pump assembly 207 may be similar or the same aspump assembly 105 in some embodiments. However, in other embodiments,pump assembly 207 may be any other suitable pump(s) for pressurizing anddelivering an extrudable building material from source 130 to outflowconduit 110 along supply conduit 101. It should be appreciated that pump132 is omitted in this embodiment due to the placement of pump assembly207.

In addition, printing assembly 200 includes a valve 201 disposed betweenoutflow conduit 110 and pump assembly 207 along supply conduit 101. Inthis embodiment (such as shown in FIG. 16 ), valve 201 is disposed alongsupply conduit 101 proximate outflow conduit 110 and outlet 112. Inother embodiments, valve 201 may be disposed within or along outflowconduit 110 and may be proximate outlet 112. Regardless, valve 201 andoutflow conduit 110 are carried by gantry and are maneuvered along axes12, 14, 16 by construction system 10 in substantially the same manner asdescribed above for printing assembly 100.

Valve 201 is an actuatable member that is configured to selectivelyclose off or adjust the flow of extrudable building material to outflowconduit 110 from pump assembly 207. In some embodiments, valve 201comprises a pinch valve; however, other valve designs or arrangement maybe used in other embodiments (e.g., ball valve, gate valve, butterflyvalve, etc.). Valve 201 may be actuated between a fully open position,where valve 201 has little to no effect on the flow rate of buildingmaterial flowing between pump assembly 207 and outflow conduit 110, anda fully closed position, where valve 201 prevents all extrudablebuilding material from progressing to outflow conduit 110 from pumpassembly 207 via supply conduit 101. In addition, valve 201 may also beactuated to a plurality of positions that are between the fully open andfully closed positions to progressively adjust the flow of buildingmaterial between pump assembly 207 and outflow conduit 110. Further, inthis embodiment, valve 201 is pneumatically actuated with compressedair; however, other actuation methods are possible, such as, forexample, electrical actuation, hydraulic actuation, mechanicalactuation, or some combination thereof.

Referring still to FIG. 16 , controller 202 (previously described) iscommunicatively coupled to each of the valve 201 and pump assembly 207via conductive paths 203, which are the same as previously describedabove (and thus may be any suitable wireless or wired connection(s)).During operations, controller 202 may actuate valve 201 (e.g., via acompressed air or other actuation system) to a desiredposition—including the fully closed position, the fully open position,or any of the plurality of positions between the fully open position andfully closed position. In some embodiments, controller 202 is configuredto actuate valve 201 based on a number of factors, such as, for example,the operating status of pump assembly 207, the portion of the structure(e.g., structure 5 shown in FIG. 1 ) that is to be constructed (e.g.,printed), the length of supply conduit 101 between pump assembly 207 andvalve 201 (and/or outflow conduit 110), etc.

Without being limited to this or any other theory, the actuation ofvalve 201 may allow for precise control of the outflow of extrudablebuilding material from outflow conduit 110 during operations even thoughpump assembly 207 is not disposed on gantry 50. For example, referringnow to FIGS. 16 and 17 , a method 210 for actuating valve 201 withinprinting assembly 200 is shown. Method 210 may be practiced wholly orpartially by controller 202 (e.g., by processor 204 executing machinereadable instructions stored on memory 205) within printing assembly200. As a result, continuing reference is made to printing assembly 200shown in FIG. 16 in describing the features of method 210 of FIG. 17 .However, it should be appreciated that other assemblies, systems, and/orpersonnel may be used to carry out method 210 in other embodiments.Thus, in describing method 210, any reference to the actions orfunctions of controller 202 or the features of printing assembly 200 aremerely meant to explain or describe particular embodiments of method 210and should not be interpreted as limiting all possible embodiments ofmethod 210.

Initially method 210 begins at 212 by activating a pump assembly (e.g.,pump assembly 205) to initiate the flow of an extrudable buildingmaterial (e.g., a cement mixture) from a source (e.g., source 130)toward an outflow conduit (e.g., outflow conduit 110) of a printingassembly (e.g., printing assembly 200) for printing a structure (e.g.,structure 5 of FIG. 1 ). In some embodiments, a central controller(e.g., controller 202) may be utilized to activate the pump assembly;however, other activation methods may be used in other embodiments. Forexample, personnel or a separate controller may be used to activate thepump assembly and thus initiate the flow of building material toward theoutflow conduit.

Next, method 210 includes waiting for a predetermined period of timeafter activating the pump assembly at 214. For example, with referenceto printing assembly 200, block 214 may include waiting for a sufficientamount to allow building material to flow through supply conduit 101 andreach valve 201, so that subsequent flow of cement from outlet 112 maybe more precisely controlled by the actuation of valve 201. In someembodiments, the predetermined period of time may be previouslydetermined and stored on memory 205, or may be calculated or determinedeach time the pumping of cement is initiated at 212. In addition, thepredetermined period of time from 214 may be calculated or determinedbased on a number of different factors and variables. For example, thepredetermined period of time may be a function of the viscosity of theextrudable building material being conveyed by the pump assembly (e.g.,pump assembly 207), the length of a supply conduit (e.g., supply conduit101) between the pump assembly and the outflow conduit (or a valvedeposed therealong such as valve 201), the diameter of the supplyconduit, the flow rate of building material from the pump assembly, thelocal temperature and humidity, etc.

Referring still to FIG. 17 , after waiting the predetermined period oftime at 214 (i.e., after the predetermined period of time has elapsed),method 210 next proceeds to actuate a valve disposed proximate an outletof the outflow conduit (e.g., valve 201) from a fully closed position toan open position at 216. In some embodiments, the open position in 216may be a fully open position for the valve or a position between thefully open position and the fully closed position. The determination ofspecifically which opening position (or opening degree) to place valvein at 216 may be influenced by a number of factors, such as, the desiredflow rate of extrudable building material from the outlet (e.g., outlet112), the viscosity of the building material, the movement rate ofprinting assembly (e.g., movement via gantry 50), etc.

Referring still to FIGS. 16 and 17 , when performing method 210 withprinting assembly, waiting the predetermined amount of time at block 214allows the flow of building material from outlet 112 of outflow conduit110 to be more precisely timed at block 216. Specifically, the delay atblock 214 may be sufficient to allow extrudable building material toflow along supply conduit 101 from pump assembly 207 to valve 201 sothat there is little to no delay between the opening of valve at block216 and the ultimate outflow or deposition of the building material. Inaddition, in some embodiments, controller 202 may wait the predeterminedperiod of time at block 214 to allow to allow gantry 50 to maneuveroutflow conduit 110 of printing assembly 200 (e.g., along axis 12, 14,16) to the desired location on foundation 4 prior to initiating the flowof building material from outlet 112.

Referring now to FIG. 18 , another method 220 for actuating valve 201within printing assembly 200 is shown. As with method 210 previouslydescribed, method 220 may be practiced by controller 202 (e.g., byprocessor 204 executing machine readable instructions stored on memory205) within printing assembly 200. As a result, continuing reference ismade to FIG. 16 in describing the features of method 220 in FIG. 18 .However, it should be appreciated that other assemblies, systems, and/orpersonnel may be used to carry out method 220 in other embodiments.Thus, in describing method 210, any reference to the actions orfunctions of controller 202 or the features of printing assembly 200 aremerely meant to explain or describe particular embodiments of method 210and should not be interpreted as limiting all possible embodiments ofmethod 210.

Initially, method 220 begins by stopping the pumping of extrudablebuilding material toward an outflow conduit mounted to a printingassembly for printing a structure at 222. For example, in the printingassembly 200 of FIG. 16 , block 222 may include stopping the pumping ofbuilding material from pump assembly 207 (e.g., either by controller 202or some other actuation method as previously described above). In someembodiments, the stopping of pumping with pump assembly 207 may bedesirable at the cessation of printing operations (either temporarily orpermanently) or at the ending of a movement of the printing assembly 200along foundation 4 (e.g., along one or more of the axes 12, 14, 16).

Next, method 220 includes actuating a valve disposed proximate an outletof the outflow conduit (e.g., valve 201) from an open position to afully closed position at 224. With reference to printing assembly 200,in some embodiments the actuation of valve 201 at 224 is carried out asquickly as possible after stopping the pumping of extrudable buildingmaterial from pump assembly 207. For example, in some embodiments, theactuation of valve 201 at 224 may be carried out simultaneously, ornearly simultaneously with the stopping of pumping of building materialwith the pump assembly 207 at 222. In other embodiments, the actuationof valve 201 may be carried out after a second predetermined period oftime, following the stopping of pumping of building material from pumpassembly 207. Without being limited to this or any other theory, it maybe desirable to quickly actuate valve 201 to the fully closed positionat 224 after stopping the pumping of building material from the pumpassembly 105 so that the additional cement that is still within supplyconduit 101 between pump assembly 207 and valve 201 does not flow ontofoundation 4. Thus, by quickly closing valve 201 (e.g., via controller202), the cessation of extrudable building material flow from outlet 112may be more precisely controlled during operations. In otherembodiments, controller 202 may close valve 201 while pump assembly 207continues to operate.

While embodiments disclosed herein have utilized gantry 50 to supportand maneuver a printing assembly (e.g., printing assembly 100, 200)about a foundation 4 for the additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing)of a structure (e.g., structure 5) (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ), it should beappreciated that other embodiments of gantry 50 may be utilized in otherembodiments. In particular, in some embodiments, gantry (e.g., gantry50) may be collapsible in at least one dimension. Without being limitedto this or any other theory, collapsing gantry (or other support andactuation structure for the printing assembly) may facilitatetransportation of the construction system 10 (e.g., between job sites orbetween a job site a storage facility) and the storage of constructionsystem 10 when not in use.

For example, referring now to FIG. 19 , another construction system 300for constructing a structure (e.g., structure 5) via 3D printing isshown. Construction system 300 is similar to construction system 10 in anumber of ways, and thus, the focus of the following description andfigures will be on the features and elements of construction system 300that are different from construction system 10. Generally speaking,construction system 300 includes a gantry 350 that movably supports aprinting assembly 390 above top surface 4 a of foundation 4. Printingassembly 390 may be the same or similar to printing assembly 100 and/or200, previously described above. For example, in some embodiments,printing assembly 390 (or the portion of printing assembly 390 that isdirectly supported by gantry 350) may comprise an outflow pipe and valvesimilar to outflow conduit 110 and valve 201 previously described above(see FIG. 16 ). However, printing assembly 390 may comprise a variety ofdifferent components and assemblies that are configured to controllablyemit or deposit an extrudable building material onto foundation 4 duringconstruction operations. In addition, as previously described above forgantry 50, during operations gantry 350 may be actuated to maneuverprinting assembly 390 along one or more of the axes 12, 14, 16 relativeto foundation 4.

Gantry 350 includes a pair of rail assemblies 320, a pair of verticalsupport assemblies 360, and a trolley bridge assembly 380. Railassemblies 320 may be similar to rail assemblies 20, 120 previouslydescribed, and thus many of the details of rail assemblies 320 are notdiscussed or depicted in great detail herein. Generally speaking, railassemblies comprise a rail 322 to provide a track or path for gantry 350to move along axis 12. In some embodiments, rail 322 may be formed froman elongate angle member (such as angle member 28 previously describedsee FIG. 3 ).

Referring still to FIG. 19 , each vertical support assembly 360 includesa lower girder 368 that is movably supported on a corresponding one ofthe rail assemblies 320 via one or more roller assemblies (e.g., such aslike roller assemblies 68 previously described above). Duringoperations, each vertical support assembly 360 may be actuated or drivenaxially along rail assemblies 320 with respect to axis 12. For example,vertical support assemblies 360 may be driven along rail assemblies 320by an actuatable rack and pinion system (e.g., such as driver 46, shaft41, and rack 32 previously described above).

In addition, each vertical support assembly 360 comprises a plurality oftelescoping vertical pistons—namely a first or lower piston 362, asecond or middle piston 364, and a third or upper piston 366. Each ofthe pistons 362, 364, 366 is an elongate member that includes a first orupper end 362 a, 364 a, 366 a, respectively, and a second or lower end362 b, 364 b, 366 b, respectively, opposite upper end 362 a, 364 a, 366a, respectively. Further, pistons 362, 364, 366 are axially coupled toone another in a direction that is parallel to axis 16. Specifically,lower end 366 b of upper piston 366 is axially received within upper end364 a of middle piston 364, and lower end 364 b of middle piston 364 isaxially received within upper end 362 a of lower piston 362. Duringoperations, middle piston 364 may be axially actuated (again in adirection that is parallel to axis 16) into and out of lower piston 362,and upper piston 366 may be similarly axially actuated into and out ofmiddle piston 364. Thus, the axial actuation of pistons 362, 364, 366may controllably adjust a vertical height of vertical support assemblies360. Any suitable mechanism or system may be used to axially actuatepistons 362, 364, 366, such as, for example, a hydraulic actuationsystem, an electric actuation system, a pneumatic actuation system, orsome combination thereof.

Referring still to FIG. 19 , the lower end 362 b of lower piston 362 iscoupled to lower girder 368, and the upper end 366 a of upper piston 366is coupled to a mounting block 369. Thus, the axial actuation of pistons362, 364, 366 may adjust or change an axial spacing or distance betweenlower girder 368 and mounting block 369 during operations.

Trolley bridge assembly 380 may comprise one or more support girders 382that extend between mounting blocks 369 of vertical support assemblies360 along a direction that is parallel to axis 14. Girder(s) 382 may bethe same or similar to girders 82 in some embodiments. In addition,printing assembly 390 may be movably supported by girder(s) 382. Forexample, printing assembly 390 may be supported by girder(s) 382 in asimilar manner to that described above for printing assembly 100 andgirders 82. In addition, printing assembly 390 may be actuated totraverse along girder(s) 382 and axis 14. In some embodiments, printingassembly 390 may be driven along girder(s) 382 by an actuatable rack andpinion system (e.g., such as driver 116, shaft 118, and rack 114previously described above).

Construction or printing operations with construction system 300 aresubstantially the same as that described above for construction system10. However, in addition to these general operations, upon thecompletion of construction operations, gantry 350 may be collapsedvertically (or along axis 16) by telescoping each vertically supportassembly 360 axially downward. Specifically, each vertical supportassembly 360 may be vertically collapsed by actuating upper piston 362into middle piston 364, and by actuating middle piston 364 into lowerpiston 362. Without being limited to this or any other theory, the axialcollapse of vertical support assemblies 360 may facilitate thetransportation of gantry 350 within a standard shipping container (orother suitable container) without the need to fully disassemble gantry350.

Referring now to FIG. 20 , another construction system 400 forconstructing a structure (e.g., structure 5) via 3D printing is shown.Construction system 400 is similar to construction systems 10 and 300 ina number of ways, and thus, the focus of the following description andfigures will be on the features and elements of construction system 400that are different from construction systems 10, 300. Generallyspeaking, construction system 400 includes a gantry 450 that movablysupports a printing assembly 490 above top surface 4 a of foundation 4.Printing assembly 490 may be the same or similar to printing assembly100, 200, 390, previously described above. For example, in someembodiments, printing assembly 490 (or the portion of printing assembly490 that is directly supported by gantry 450) may comprise an outflowpipe and valve similar to outflow conduit 110 and valve 201 previouslydescribed above (see FIG. 16 ). However, printing assembly 490 maycomprise a variety of different components and assemblies that areconfigured to controllably emit or deposit an extrudable buildingmaterial onto foundation 4 during construction operations. In addition,as previously described above for gantry 50, during operations gantry450 may be actuated to maneuver printing assembly 490 along one or moreof the axes 12, 14, 16 relative to foundation 4.

Gantry 450 includes a pair of rail assemblies 420, a pair of verticalsupport assemblies 460, and a trolley bridge assembly 480. Railassemblies 420 may be similar to rail assemblies 20, 120, 320 previouslydescribed, and thus many of the details of rail assemblies 420 are notdiscussed in great detail herein. Generally speaking, rail assemblies420 comprise a rail (not shown in FIG. 20 ) to provide a track or pathfor gantry 450 to move along axis 12. In some embodiments, the rail (notshown) may be formed from an elongate angle member (such as angle member28 previously described—see FIG. 3 ).

Referring still to FIG. 20 , each vertical support assembly 460 includesa lower girder 468 that is movably supported on a corresponding one ofthe rail assemblies 420 via one or more roller assemblies (e.g., such aslike roller assemblies 68 previously described above). Duringoperations, each vertical support assembly 460 may be actuated or drivenaxially along rail assemblies 420 with respect to axis 12. For example,vertical support assemblies 460 may be driven along rail assemblies 420by an actuatable rack and pinion system (e.g., such as driver 46, shaft41, and rack 32 previously described above).

In addition, each vertical support assembly 460 comprises a mountingblock 469, and a scissor lift assembly 462 coupled between lower girder468 and mounting block 469. Scissor lift assembly 462 comprises aplurality of linking members 464 that are pivotably coupled to oneanother at the respective ends. During operations, hydraulic pistons orother suitable actuators (not shown) may selectively rotate linkingmembers 464 relative to one another about their respective ends toaxially raise or lower mounting block 469 relative to lower girder 468.A central guide post 466 may be disposed within scissor lift assembly462 and extend axially with respect to axis 16 between lower girder 468and mounting block 469. During operations, mounting block 469 maysliding engage with guide post 466, via a central aperture 469 a, asmounting block 469 is raised or lowered via actuation of scissor liftassembly 464 to ensure a substantially axial movement of mounting block469 with respect to axis 16.

Trolley bridge assembly 480 may comprise one or more support girders 482that extend between mounting blocks 469 of vertical support assemblies360 along a direction that is parallel to axis 14. Girders 482 may bethe same or similar to girders 82 in some embodiments. In addition,printing assembly 490 may be movably supported by girders 482. Forexample, printing assembly 490 may be supported by girders 482 in asimilar manner to that described above for printing assembly 100 andgirders 82. In addition, printing assembly 490 may be actuated totraverse along girders 482 and axis 14. In some embodiments, printingassembly 490 may be driven along girders 482 by an actuatable rack andpinion system (e.g., such as driver 116, shaft 118, and rack 114previously described above).

Construction or printing operations with construction system 400 aresubstantially the same as that described above for construction system10. However, as is similarly described above for gantry 350, in additionto general operations, upon the completion of construction operations,gantry 450 may be collapsed vertically (or along axis 16) bycontrollably lowering or collapsing vertical support assemblies 460. Inparticular, vertical support assemblies 460 may be collapsed by pivotinglinking members 464 within scissor lift assemblies 462 relative to oneanother to axially collapse mounting block 469 toward lower girder 468.Without being limited to this or any other theory, the axial collapse ofvertical support assemblies 460 may facilitate the transportation ofgantry 450 within a standard shipping container (or other suitablecontainer) without the need to fully disassemble gantry 450.

In the manner described, a construction system (e.g., constructionsystems 10, 300, 400, etc.) may be utilized to construct a structure(e.g., structure 5) via an additive manufacturing method, such as, forexample 3D printing. Accordingly, by use of the construction systemsdisclosed herein, the time and materials required to construct astructure may be reduced.

Next, systems and methods will be described for the design andconstruction of a structure (e.g., structure 5) with the constructionsystems described herein (e.g., construction systems 10, 300, 400). As aresult, the systems and methods described herein are directed to thedesign and construction of a structure via an additive manufacturingprocess (e.g., 3D printing). In addition, as will be described in moredetail below, any or all of the methods described herein may bepracticed either partially or wholly by a computing device (e.g.,controller 202) or a plurality of computing devices. Thus, in someembodiments, the some or all of the methods described herein may bepartially or wholly deployed as machine readable instructions, such as,for example, non-transitory computer readable medium that is executableby a computing device.

Referring now to FIG. 21 , a floor plan of a structure 500 that may bedesigned and constructed according to some embodiments is shown. In thisembodiment, structure 500 is a single story structure; howevermulti-story structures (e.g., such as a two-story or three-storystructure) may also be constructed via the system and methods describedherein. Structure 500 includes a plurality of walls—including aplurality of exterior walls 502 and a plurality of interior walls 504.In addition, structure 500 includes a plurality of windows 506 extendingthrough exterior walls 502, and a plurality of doors frames 508extending through both exterior walls 502 and interior walls 504.

Methods of designing structure 500 will now be described with referenceto FIGS. 22-32 . In general, the following method may be utilized todesign and characterize structure 500 so that a 3D printing operation toform structure 500 may be accomplished utilizing an appropriateconstruction system, such as, for example, construction systems 10, 300,400, previously described above.

Referring now to FIGS. 21 and 22 , once the floor plan of structure 500is finalized (e.g., such as the floor plan shown in FIG. 21 ), the floorplan, including the walls 502, 504, windows 506, and door frames 508 isreduced down to a line diagram 510 including a series of line segmentsrepresenting the general layout of the structure 500. Specifically,within the line diagram 510, each of the walls 502, 504 are representedby a series of line segments 512 extending between discrete points 514,and each of the windows 506, 508 are represented by gaps 516 betweenpairs of points 514 from different line segments 512. Within linediagram 510, points 514 are positioned both at the ends of the linesegments 512 and at points of intersection between two or more linesegments 512.

In addition, in this embodiment structure 500 includes a plurality ofcurved walls (e.g., such as two of the exterior walls 502 on structure500). To represent these curved walls within line diagram 510, thestraight portions of the walls 502 are drawn as straight line segmentsthat end in points 514 situated at the start of the curved section orportion. Next, a focal point 518 is fixed to thereby define the radiusof curvature for the curved section of the wall 502, and a curved linesegment 519 is drawn along that defined curvature between the two points514 of the adjoining straight wall portions (which are represented byline segments 512 as previously described). As a result, the linediagram 510 represents a curved wall segment as a discrete curved linesegment 519 (with a designated focal point or center of curvature 518)that joins or intersects with two adjoining straight line segments 512at a pair of points 514, which thereby simplifies the geometricrepresentation of the relatively complex curved portions of exteriorwalls 502 of structure 500.

Without being limited to this or any other theory, by first defining aline diagram 510 to define the wall segments, window, doors, etc. ofstructure 500, the nominal placement (e.g., the centerline placement)and length of each of the walls, windows, doors, etc. of structure 500may be defined. In some embodiments, the line diagram 510 is derived(e.g., wholly or partially) by a computing device that is executingmachine readable instructions. As a result, the variables, including thelength of walls, the starting and ending points of walls, the curvature(for curved wall portions) of the walls, wall centerline location, thepoints of intersection between walls, etc. that are determined from theline diagram 510 may be captured and stored by the computing device.Thereafter, this data may be utilized in generating subsequent diagramsand plans in the manner described herein. In addition, in someembodiments, a multiple story structure may be represented by aplurality of line diagrams (e.g., like line diagram 510), wherein eachstory or level of the structure may have its own corresponding linediagram. In addition, in some embodiments, multiple line diagrams 510may be generated for a given story of a structure (e.g., so as torepresent different vertical sections or levels of the given story).

Referring now to FIGS. 21-23 , after line diagram 510 (and the variableand data associated therewith) is derived for structure 500 aspreviously described above, a 520 shell diagram is generated for each ofthe walls 502, 504 based on the positioning and length informationprovided by line diagram 510. Generally speaking, to generate shelldiagram 520, each line segment from the line diagram 510 (e.g., linesegments 512, 514 in FIG. 22 ) is given a wall thickness or width. Insome embodiments, the wall thickness T may be represented as a distanceextending perpendicular and equidistantly on each side of the linesegments from the line diagram 510. The resulting shell diagram 520 inFIG. 23 shows the outer shell or borders 522 of the walls 502, 504 ofstructure 500. In this embodiment, the shell diagram 520 is derived byshowing all of the windows 506 and door frames 508 open. The portions ofborders 522 that form the inner edges of door frames 508 and windows 506are referred to herein as end-cap ribs 533. As will be described in moredetail below, the end-cap ribs 533 may not be present within all of thevertical sections or levels of structure 500 (e.g., such as at the topof a window or door frame where a structural header may be placed). Inaddition, as will also be described in more detail below, some portionsof structure 500 may include wall segments that are closed proximate thewindows 506 and/or door frames 508 (e.g., such as vertical sections ofstructure that are above or below a window 506 or above a door frame508).

Referring still to FIGS. 21-23 , within the shell diagram 520, a singleenclosed border 522 is designated for connected or intersecting walls.In addition, in this embodiment, the thickness T of each wall (e.g.,walls 502, 504) of structure 500 is the same; however, in otherembodiments, the thickness T of the walls within a given structure maybe varied. In these embodiments, the differences in thickness T for thevarious walls of the structure may be defined within the shell diagram520. Further, within shell diagram 520, a bead thickness T_(B) may bedefined for the lines forming borders 522. The bead thickness T_(B) maybe determined by the thickness or width of the bead of extrudablebuilding material that is extruded by the corresponding constructionsystem (e.g., construction systems 10, 300, 400, etc.) during aconstruction operation. Because the bead thickness T_(B) influences therelative placement of the lines forming borders 522 to provide thedesired wall thickness T, it is represented and included within shelldiagram 520. In some embodiments, the bead thickness TB is a function ofthe construction system (e.g., the size and shape of outlet 112 ofoutflow conduit 110 previously described), and may either be a fixed ora ranged variable.

As a result of the shell diagram 520, the foot print and perimeter ofstructure 500 is defined. In addition, the width of the windows 506 anddoor frames 508 is also defined along with the internal area (e.g.,square footage) of the structure 500 and any rooms defined therein. Insome embodiments, shell diagram 520 may be derived (e.g., wholly orpartially) by a computing device that is executing machine readableinstructions. As a result, all of the above mentioned parameters anddata (along with others) that are determined or derived from the shelldiagram 520 are stored within the computing device, such that this datamay be utilized in generating subsequent diagrams and plans in themanner described herein. In addition, a multi-story structure may berepresented by a plurality of shell diagrams (e.g., like shell diagram520) wherein each story or level of the structure may have its owncorresponding shell diagram. In addition, in some embodiments, multipleshell diagrams 520 may be generated for a given story of a structure(e.g., so as to represent different vertical sections or levels of thegiven story).

Referring now to FIGS. 21, 24, and 25 , once the outer borders 522 ofthe walls forming structure 500 are defined by shell diagram 520, infill531 for partially or wholly filling the space defined within borders 522is defined within an infill diagram 530. FIG. 24 shows the infilldiagram 530 of structure 500, and FIG. 24 shows the infill diagram 530superimposed atop the shell diagram 520 of FIG. 23 to better illustratethe features and function of the infill defined by diagram 530.

The infill 531 generated within infill diagram 530 may comprise aplurality of ribs 532 that extend perpendicularly between opposing sides(or walls) of border 522, and a plurality of lattice lines 534 (or moresimply lattice 534) extending within the borders 522 along the walls(e.g., along the directions of the line segments from line diagram 510)between ribs 532 and/or end cap ribs 533. While end-cap ribs 533 areformed as portions of border 522 as previously described, end cap ribs533 are represented in the infill diagram of FIG. 24 so as to show theirposition with respect to infill 531. Ribs 532 are disposed proximateeach of the points 514 within line diagram 510 (see FIG. 22 ) and definea plurality of cores 540. Thus, cores 540 may be generally disposed atthe lateral edges of door frames 508 and windows 506 and at theintersection of walls 502, 504 within structure 500. Accordingly, cores540 that are formed at the edges or windows 506 or door frames 508 willinclude at least one end-cap rib 533, and at least one rib 532.

Cores 540 (which are defined by ribs 532 and portions of border 522,including end-cap ribs 533 as previously described) may be substantiallyhollow regions within walls 502, 504 that are formed by a plurality ofvertically aligned ribs 532, and borders 522 (including end cap ribs533) during the construction of structure 500. In some embodiments,following the construction (e.g., printing) of structure 500, thecompleted cores 540 are filled with a plurality of elongate steelmembers (e.g., rebar) and a cement mixture. Without being limited tothis or any other theory, filled cores 540 may serve as vertical supportcolumns within structure 500, thereby enhancing the structural integrityof structure 500.

In this embodiment, if two or more cores 540 are immediately adjacentone another within a wall or combined wall border 522 as depicted withinthe shell diagram 520, the two or more cores 540 may be merged into asingle core 540. In some embodiments, if two or more cores 540 would bedisposed within a certain distance X, which may be 1-10 inches along agiven wall (e.g., wall 502, 504) in some embodiments, the two or morecores 540 are merged into a single core 540. For example, cores 540 thatwould be disposed at the intersection of multiple walls 502, 504 aremerged into a single core 540. As another example, cores 540 are to bedisposed at the ends of a relative short wall segment may be merged(e.g., if the distance between the two cores 540 is within distance X,previously described).

In this embodiment, cores 540 are all generally polygonal in shape.However, other non-polygonal shapes may be utilized in otherembodiments. More specifically, many of the cores 540 within structure500 may be rectangular and thus are defined by two ribs (e.g., eitherribs 532 or a combination of ribs 532 and end cap ribs 533) and someportion of the corresponding border 522 (e.g., other than end-cap ribs533). In addition, some of the cores 540, such as merged cores 540 atintersection of multiple walls 502, 504 may be formed by more than tworibs 532, 533 in addition to the portions of the corresponding border522 (again other than end-cap ribs 533).

Referring still to FIGS. 21, 24, and 25 , lattice 534 may extend betweencores 540 along the corresponding wall 502, 504 (e.g., along the linesegments 512 defined within line diagram 510 as shown in FIG. 22 ).Referring briefly to FIG. 26 , lattice 534 may extend in a zig-zagpattern between the opposing borders 522 of the corresponding wall 502,504 at an angle θ relative to the corresponding line segment 512associated with the corresponding wall 502, 504. The angle θ may dependon a number of different factors, such as, for example, the length alongthe corresponding wall (e.g., wall 502, 504) between to ribs 532, 533,the thickness T of the wall, the bead thickness T_(B) (wherein each ofthe thickness T and the bead thickness T_(B) are previously describedabove), etc. In some embodiments, the angle θ may range fromapproximately 20° to approximately 45°.

Referring again to FIGS. 21, 24, and 25 , in some embodiments, thelength of a wall segment between two ribs 532, 533 may not be suitable(e.g., may not be long enough) for the placement of lattice 534. Asresult, lattice 534 may be omitted within the particular wall segment,therefore forming a void 535 (see void 535 shown in FIG. 25 ). In thisembodiment, lattice 534 may be omitted within a given wall segment(thereby forming a void 535) when the distance between the two adjacentcores 540 within the corresponding wall segment is within apredetermined threshold limit (e.g., such as approximately 0 to 6inches).

As shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 , infill diagram 530 may further define afirst subset of the infill 531 that is referred to as a variable infill536 and a second subset of the infill 531 that is referred to as a fixedor invariable infill 538. As will be described in more detail below, thefixed infill 538 may be present at all vertical levels or slices ofstructure 500, while the variable infill 536 may be present within lessthan all of the vertical levels or slices of structure 500. Typically,the variable infill 536 is associated with windows (e.g., windows 506)and doors frames (e.g., door frames 508) extending through the walls(e.g., walls 502, 504) of the structure (e.g., structure 500, whichcreate discontinuities within the walls when moving verticallytherealong). In FIGS. 24 and 25 , the variable infill 536 is shown witha dotted line, while the fixed infill 538 is shown with a solid line.

Without being limited to this or any other theory, by defining theinfill 531 within infill diagram 530, including the variable infill 536and fixed infill 538, the positioning of the infill 531 throughoutstructure 500 may be determined. As a result, as layers of extrudablebuilding material are deposited via a printing construction operation toform structure 500, the infill 531 from the various layers may beproperly aligned throughout the vertical height of structure 500. Insome embodiments, infill diagram 530 may be derived (e.g., wholly orpartially) by a computing device that is executing machine readableinstructions. As a result, all of the above mentioned parameters anddata (along with others) that are determined or derived from the shelldiagram 530 may be stored within the computing device, such that thisdata may be utilized in generating subsequent diagrams and plans in themanner described herein. In addition, a multi-story structure may berepresented by a plurality of infill diagrams (e.g., like shell diagram530) wherein each story or level of the structure may have its owncorresponding shell diagram.

Referring now to FIGS. 21 and 27 , once diagrams 510, 520, 530 arederived and defined for structure 500, a master slice 550 may be definedthat represents or depicts the shared or common features of the variousvertical sections or slices of the structure 500 for constructionoperations. In this embodiment, the master slice 550 is defined bycombining many of the defined or determined parameters from each of thediagrams 510, 520, 530 shown in FIGS. 22-25 . For example, master slice550 may be derived by combining and superimposing the borders 522,infill 531 (including fixed infill 538, and variable infill 536) fromthe diagrams 520, 530 that are shared among multiple vertical slices ofstructure 500 into a single cross-sectional diagram.

Referring briefly to FIG. 28 , as previously described above, accordingto embodiments disclosed herein, structure 500 may be constructed via a3D printing operation, with an appropriate construction system (e.g.,construction systems 10, 300, 400, etc.). Specifically, during thisprocess, layers 552 of extrudable building material (e.g., a cementmixture) are extruded and deposited one-by-one on a top surface 4 a of afoundation 4 (which may comprise a concrete and rebar slab as previouslydescribed above), such that the plurality of stacked layers 552 form thestructure 500. As used herein, the term “slice” refers to a subset ofvertically adjacent layers 552 within the structure 500 (e.g., such asslices 551, 553, 555, 557 shown in FIG. 28 and discussed in more detailbelow). Accordingly, the master slice 550 of FIG. 27 is a derived sliceof structure 500 that may be imaginary (e.g., master slice 550 may notrepresent an actual slice of the physical structure 550). Once derived,the master slice 550 may be used to define the shared or commonparameters and features of some or all of the slices making up thestructure 500. As a result, the design of each of the individual slicesof structure 500 may be derived as a variant of the master slice 550, sothat common features (e.g., borders 522, infill, etc.) are properlycarried into each of the slices during operations. Without being limitedto this or any other theory, by designing each of the actual slices ofstructure 500 from an imaginary master slice 550 that includes many ofthe shared or common components of the actual slices, vertical alignmentof the shared features may be more readily and reliably achieved withinstructure 500.

Referring now to FIGS. 24 and 27 , master slice 550 shows all of thewindows 506 and door frames 508 of structure 500 open. In addition,master slice 550 may include all infill 531 (e.g., fixed infill 538 andvariable infill 536 in FIG. 24 ) and borders 522 that are shared bymultiple slices of structure 500. Specifically, in this embodiment,master slice 550 may include all fixed infill 538 and all of the borders522 from shell diagram 520, including end-cap ribs 533. As will bedescribed in more detail below, end cap ribs 533 are not included withinthe vertical slice of structure 500 that includes the structural headersabove the window 506 or door frames 508 (see headers 554 in FIG. 28which are discussed in more detail below). However, because end cap ribs533 are included within most of the other vertical slices withinstructure 500 (e.g., see slices 551, 553, 557 of structure 500 shown inFIG. 28 ), they are also included within master slice 500. In thisembodiment, the master slice 550 is identical to the slice 553 shown inFIG. 28 ; however, this results from the specific design of structure500. In other embodiments, the master slice 550 may not identicallymatch any of the sections or slices of the final structure (e.g.,structure 500) as previously described above.

Referring now to FIGS. 27 and 28 , master slice 550, once derived, isutilized as a starting point to define specific vertical slices ofstructure 500 as previously described above. For example, as shown inFIG. 28 , structure 500 includes a total of four differenceslices—namely a first slice 551 extending vertically from top surface 4a of foundation 4 (wherein foundation 4 is the same as previouslydescribed above for structure 5) to the lower end of the windows 506, asecond slice 553 extending from the lower end of the windows 506 to theheaders 554 of each of the windows 506 and door 508, a third slice 555that extends vertically through the vertical height of the headers 554,and a fourth slice 557 extending vertically from the top of the headers554 to the top of the walls 502, 504 of structure 500. The layers 552 ofextrudable building material (e.g., a cement mixture) making up eachslice 551, 553, 555, 557 are identical within each slice (e.g., slices551, 553, 555, 557).

Thus, the construction of each slice 551, 553, 555, 557 via a 3Dprinting operation may be described or represented as a repeatable setof lateral printing assembly movements (e.g., printing assemblies 100,200, etc.) relative to foundation 4 that are separated by anincrementally increasing vertical height (e.g., the height of eachextruded layer of building material). Accordingly, the construction ofstructure 500 may then be described or represented as a finite set oflateral printing assembly movements that are each repeated apredetermined number of times, with an incrementally increasing verticalheight at each repetition, wherein each specific lateral printingassembly movement is associated with one of the slices 551, 553, 555,557. The specific lateral printing movement associated with a givenslice 551, 553, 555, 557 may also be represented as a set ofinstructions (e.g., machine readable instructions) that are executed bya processor (e.g., processor 204) of a controller (e.g., controller 202or other computing device) associated with the construction systemutilized to construct structure 500 (e.g., construction system 10, 300,400, etc.). Each of the specific slices 551, 553, 555, 557 of structure500 will now be described with more specificity below with reference toFIGS. 28-32 .

Specifically, referring first to FIGS. 28 and 29 , first slice 551represents the lowermost vertical slice of structure 500. Thus, thelayers 552 forming first slice 551 are stacked directly on top surface 4a of foundation 4. In addition, within first slice 551, only door frames508 of structure 500 are open (see also FIG. 21 ), since first slice 551is disposed below the lower ends of the windows 506. Accordingly, firstslice 551 includes borders 522 from master slice 550 but also includesadditional borders 552 disposed along the locations of windows 506. Inaddition, first slice 551 includes all of the infill 531 (e.g., fixedinfill 538) disposed within the master slice 550 (see FIG. 27 ), andalso the variable infill 536 that is disposed along windows 506 (seeinfill diagram 530 in FIGS. 24 and 25 ). As a result, first slice 551may be defined as the master slice 550 from FIG. 27 with additionalborders 522 and infill (e.g., variable infill 536) that is disposedalong the locations of windows 506.

Referring now to FIGS. 28 and 30 , second slide 553 represents the sliceof structure 500 that is vertically adjacent first slice 551 and extendsvertically through the windows 506 and to the top of door frames 508.Thus, second slice 553 includes all of the borders 522 (including endcap ribs 533) and fixed infill 538 from master slice 550 (see FIG. 27 ).As a result, the second slice 552 may be defined as being a copy of themaster slice 550.

Referring now to FIGS. 28 and 31 , third slice 555 represents the sliceor portion of structure 50 that is encompassed by the headers 554 ofdoor frames 508 and windows 506. Accordingly, third slice 555 may bedefined as master slice 550 but with portions of the borders 522(including end cap ribs 533) removed to account for the placement of theheaders 554 above the windows 506 and door frames 508.

In this embodiment, headers 554 comprise elongate members that areinserted immediately above a window 506 or door frame 508 to distributeweight around the edges or sides of the windows 506 and door frames 508.During construction of structure 500, headers 554 are manually inserted(e.g., by a worker) before, during, or after the printing or forming ofsecond slice 553 by the corresponding construction system (e.g.,construction system 10, 300, 400, etc.). Headers 554 may comprise anysuitable material, such as, for example steel, wood, concrete (e.g.,such as a concrete plank or board). As shown in FIG. 28 , in thisembodiment, headers 554 have the same vertical thickness as two layers552 of building material, and thus third slice 555 comprises two layers552. In other embodiments, the vertical thickness of headers 554 may bemore or less than two layers 552.

Finally referring to FIGS. 28 and 32 , fourth slice 557 extendsvertically from third slice 555 (and thus from headers 554) to the topof the walls 502, 504 (see FIG. 21 ). As can be appreciated from FIG. 28, the fourth slice 557 is located vertically above all of the windows506 and door frames 508 of structure 500. As a result, fourth slice 557includes all of the borders 522 (including end cap ribs 533) includedwithin master slice 550 and additionally includes borders 522 thatextend along the locations of windows 506 and door frames 508. Inaddition, fourth slice 557 includes all of the infill 531 from themaster slice 550, and additionally includes the variable infill 536 thatis defined by infill diagram 530 for extending along the locations ofwindows 506 and door frames 508. Therefore, fourth slice 557 may bedefined as the master slice 550 with additional borders 522 and infillthat extends along the locations of the windows 506 and door frames 508within structure 500.

Referring again to FIGS. 28-32 , together, each of the slices 551, 553,555, 557 may be used to form or print structure 500. Specifically,during a printing construction operation (e.g., a construction operationutilizing a construction system 10, 300, 400, etc.), the constructionsystem (e.g., via a central controller, such as controller 202previously described) may first be directed to print a predeterminednumber of vertically stacked layers 552 of the first slice 551.Thereafter, the construction system may be directed to print apredetermined number of vertically layers 552 of the second slice 553atop the previously printed layers of the first slice 551.

Next, the construction system may be directed to print a predeterminednumber of vertically stacked layers 552 of the third slice 555 atop thepreviously printed layers of second slice 553. Third slice 555 includesheaders 554 as previously described above. In some embodiments, headers554 may be placed in their positions atop the second slice 553 prior toinitiating construction (e.g., printing) operations of third slice 555.In other embodiments, headers 554 may be placed simultaneously orconcurrently with printing the third slice 555. In still otherembodiments, headers 554 may be placed in their respective positionsafter the layers 552 of third slice 555 have been printed.

Regardless of the precise order or method used to place headers 554within third slice 555, once third slice 555 (including headers 554) isprinted, the construction system is directed to print a predeterminednumber of vertically stacked layers 552 of fourth slice 557 atop thirdslice 553 and headers 554. Following the printing of fourth slice 557, aroof or other top covering (not shown) may be constructed atop fourthslice 557 to complete structure 500. In some embodiments, the roof maybe constructed atop fourth slice 557 after all of the slices 551, 553,555, 557 have fully dried and cured (which may take one or several daysor possibly weeks). In other embodiments, the roof may be constructed orinstalled atop fourth slice 557 once slices 551, 553, 555, 557 arepartially (but not completely) dried and/or cured.

According, a structure 500 is constructed via a 3D printing operation,by reducing the structure down to finite sets of repeatable printinginstructions or plans. These sets of instructions may be executed by theconstruction system (e.g., construction systems 10, 300, 400, etc.) toprint or build structure 500 layer by layer 552, and slice by slice(e.g., slices 551, 553, 555, 557). It should be appreciated that duringthe printing operations described above, no forms or molds are includedto contain or channel the deposited or printed extrudable buildingmaterial. As will be described in more detail below, the extruablebuilding material may be configured to stiffen relatively quickly afterbeing deposited by the printing assembly (e.g., printing assembly 100,200, 390, etc.) either on top surface 4 a of foundation 4 or on apreviously printed layer 552. However, in some embodiments, the buildingmaterial does not stiffen so quickly so as not to adequately bind to thenext adjacent vertical layers 552 that are subsequently depositedthereon.

Referring still to FIGS. 28-32 , to facilitate the printing or formingof each layer 552 of slices 551, 553, 555, 557 of structure 500 asdescribed above, a printing assembly path or a plurality of such paths(which may be more generically referred to as “tool paths”) may bedefined for the depositing the layers 552 of each slice 551, 553, 555,557. The tool paths may be expressed as sets of instructions (e.g.,machine readable instructions) for actuating the printing assemblyrelative to the foundation 4 (e.g., laterally relative to the foundation4) as the printing assembly deposits beads of printing material (e.g.,cement) thereon. Thus, in some embodiments the instructions for the toolpaths may comprise instructions for actuating one or more drivers (e.g.,drivers 42, 87, 116) that cause or drive a movement of a printingassembly (e.g., printing assemblies 100, 200) along a defined set ofdirections or axes (e.g., axes 12, 14, 16).

Referring now to FIGS. 33 and 34 , which show sequential schematic viewsof a printing operation for a single layer 552 of a slice of anotherstructure 560. Structure 560 is a single room structure that includes aplurality of exterior walls 502 and a single door frame 508. As withstructure 500, previously described, the walls 502 of structure 560 aredefined by a plurality of borders 522 (including end cap ribs 533 atdoor frame 508). In addition, infill 531, which further includes ribs532 and lattice 534, is disposed within borders 522 of walls 502.

Referring first to FIG. 33 , during a printing operation for a layer(e.g., layer 552) of structure 560, a printing assembly 570 (which maybe the same or similar to printing assemblies 100, 200, 390 previouslydescribed) is first traversed about foundation in a first tool path 572while simultaneously extruding lines or beads of building material(e.g., cement) to form the outer borders 522 of walls 502.

The first tool path 572 of printing assembly 570 may include a pluralityof movements. For example, in this embodiment, tool path 572 first movesprinting assembly 570 along the borders 522 of the walls 502. Inparticular, printing assembly 570 is traversed across foundation 4 froma starting position 573 along a continuous path while printing assembly570 deposits a line of extrudable building material (e.g., a cementmixture) that forms the connected borders 522 of walls 502. In thiscase, because structure 560 only includes exterior walls 502, all of thewalls 502 are interconnected, such that one single continuous movementof printing assembly 570 that starts and ends at starting point 573 maybe performed to print an enclosed border 522. In other embodiments(e.g., such as when printing the slices 551, 553, 555, 557 of structure500), printing assembly 570 may be traversed along a plurality of loopsor routes to form a continuous enclosed border 522 about each connectedset of walls 502, 504 (see e.g., the separate enclosed borders 522 ofshell diagram 520 in FIG. 23 ).

Referring specifically to FIG. 34 , after borders 522 of walls 502 areformed or printed by printing assembly 570, the printing assembly 570may then be traversed along a second tool path 574 while simultaneouslyextruding lines or bands of extrudable building material (e.g., a cementmixture) to form the infill 531, including ribs 532 and lattice 534within borders 522. The second tool path 574 may include a plurality ofmovements. For example, in this embodiment, tool path 574 moves printingassembly 570 along the walls 502 from a starting point 575 alongcontinuous path that tracks generally along walls 502. As printingassembly 570 advances along walls 502 and tool path 574, it ismaneuvered as necessary to form the ribs 532 and lattice 534 in desiredlocations (e.g., printing assembly 570 may be moved in a zig-zag patternas part of the tool path 574 to form lattice 534). In this embodiment,because structure 560 only includes exterior walls 502 and all the walls502 are interconnected as previously described, one single continuousmovement of the printing assembly 570 may be defined for the second toolpath 574 that starts and ends at starting point 575. In otherembodiments, (e.g., such as when printing the slices 551, 553, 555, 557of structure 500), printing assembly 570 may be traversed along aplurality of loops or routes to form the infill (e.g., including ribs532 and lattice 534) within the enclosed border 522 of each connectedset of walls 502, 504.

In some embodiments, the final tool paths for printing assembly 570(e.g., tool paths 572, 574) when printing a layer of a slice of astructure (e.g., structures 560, 500, etc.) may be determined by firstcalculating or otherwise determining some or all of the possible toolpaths that may be taken to form the borders 522, ribs 532, and lattice534 of the given slice. Thereafter, the most efficient of the pluralityof calculated paths may be chosen as the final path(s) for printingassembly 570.

Referring now to FIG. 35 , a system 580 for carrying out some or all ofthe structure design and construction methods described herein is shown.System 580 includes a first computing device 581, a second computingdevice 588, and a construction system 590. Construction system 590 maybe the same or similar as constructions systems 10, 300, 400, previouslydescribed, and thus, the descriptions of these constructions systems 10,300, 400 may be applied to describe construction system 590.

First computing device 581 and second computing device 588 may compriseany suitable computing device (or collection of such devices). Thus,computing devices 581, 588 may include one or more processors, memorydevices, power sources, etc. to enable the computing devices 581, 588 toperform all of the functions disclosed herein (e.g., such as processor204 and memory 205 described above for controller 202). For example,computing devices 581, 588 may comprise one or more computers, servers,controllers, or the like. In some embodiments, second computing device588 may comprise controller 202 previously described. In addition someembodiments, the first computing device 581 and the second computingdevice 588 may be integrated within a single computing device.

Referring still to FIG. 35 , first computing device 581 includes machinereadable instructions that are stored on a suitable memory device (e.g.,any one or more of the memory devices discussed above for controller202). In particular, first computing device 581 includes a set of slicegeneration instructions 582, a set of tool path generation instructions584, and a set of construction instructions 586. In some embodiments,some or all of the instructions 582, 584, 586 may be integrated into asingle set of instructions. Still further, in some embodiments, any oneof the instructions 582, 584, 586 may be separated out into a pluralityof separate sets of instructions.

Slice generation instructions 582 may include machine readableinstructions that, when executed by computing device 581 (or a processorof the computing device 581), generate a plurality of vertical slices ofa structure to be constructed, such as slices 551, 553, 555, 557 ofstructure 500 previously described. When executed by computing device581, the slice generation instructions 582 may generate the slices forthe structure based on a number of inputs (e.g., wall thickness T, beadthickness TB, structure dimensions, etc.). In addition, when executed bycomputing device 581, the slice generation instructions 582 may firstgenerate a plurality of diagrams, such as the diagrams 510, 520 530previously described above, and then utilize these generated diagrams inthe manner previously described to generate master slice such as, forexample, master slice 550. Further, when executed by the computingdevice 581, the slice generation instructions may then generate theslices (e.g., slices 551, 553, 555, 557) of the structure based on themaster slice (e.g., master slice 550) as previously described.

Tool path generation instruction 584 includes machine readableinstructions, that when executed by computing device 581 (or a processorof computing device 581), generate one or more tool paths for a printingassembly (e.g., printing assembly 100, 200 etc.) during printing of theslices generated by the slice generation instructions 582. The tool pathgeneration instructions 584, when executed by first computing device581, may generate the tool path(s) in substantially the same manner asdiscussed above for example structure 560. Specifically, in someembodiments, the tool path generation instructions 584, when executed byfirst computing device 581, may generate the tool paths such that theouter borders (e.g., border 522) of walls (e.g., walls 502, 504) withina given slice are printed first, and then infill (e.g., ribs 532,lattice 534) is printed within the previously printed borders 522.

Construction instructions 586 include machine readable instructions,that when executed by computing device 581 (or a processor of computingdevice 581), generate a sequence of construction steps for aconstruction system (e.g., construction system 590) during a printing orconstruction process. In particular, the construction instructions 586may, when executed by the computing device 581, generate a series ofinstructions for printing a predetermined number of layers of each slicegenerated by the slice generation instructions 582 by moving theprinting assembly of the construction system 590 along one or more ofthe tool paths generated by the tool path generation instructions 584.Specifically, in some embodiments, the construction instruction 586 may,when executed by the computing device 581, generate a set ofinstructions for printing a predetermined plurality of layers (e.g.,layers 552) of a first slice (e.g., first slice 551) of a structure(e.g., structure 500) generated by the slice generation instruction 582,by moving the printing assembly of the construction system along one ormore tool paths (e.g., tool paths 572, 574) generated the tool pathgeneration instruction 584 to form each layer. In addition, theconstruction instructions 586 may also provide instructions forsimilarly printing other layers of the other slices of the structurealong designated tool paths generated by the tool path generationinstructions.

Second computing device may receive the specific instructions and datagenerated by slice generation instructions 582, tool path generationinstruction 584, and construction instruction 586 within first computingdevice 581 via a connection 583. Connection 583 may be any suitablewireless or wired connection (e.g., such as any of the above describedwireless or wired connections). In addition, connection 583 may comprisea removable storage device (e.g., USB thumb drive, disc, etc.) thatreceives and stores the specific instructions from first computingdevice 581, and then transfers the received specific instructions tosecond computing device 588 by being connected to second computingdevice 588.

Referring still to FIG. 35 , second computing device (which again maycomprise controller 202 previously described above), may then executethe instructions generated within first computing device 581 andtherefore actuate construction system (e.g., via another connection 583)to print the vertically stacked layers (e.g., layers 552) and slices(e.g., slices 551, 5553, 555, 557) of the structure (e.g., structure500) as previously described above.

Referring now to FIG. 36 , an embodiment of a method 600 of designingand constructing a structure (e.g., structures 5, 500, 560) is shown. Indescribing the specific steps of method 600, reference may be made tostructure 500, diagrams 510, 520 530, slices 550, 551, 553, 555, 557shown in FIGS. 21-25 and 27-32 ; however, it should be appreciated thatmethod 600 may be practiced separately from these specific embodiments.Thus, specific reference to the embodiments and descriptions associatedwith FIGS. 21-25 and 27-32 is meant to provide additional clarity tomethod 600 and should be interpreted as limiting the potential scopethereof. In addition, some or all of the portions of method 600 may bepracticed, in some embodiments, by computing devices (e.g., computingdevices 581, 588 within system 580 previously described).

Initially, method 600 begins by defining a plurality of parameters for astructure to be constructed 605. For example, with reference tostructure 500, parameters such as the bead thickness T_(B), the wallthickness T, the location and number of door frames 508 and windows 506,the general layout of interior and exterior walls 504 and 502,respectively, of the structure 500 may be predetermined and defined at605. In some embodiments, at least some of the above describedparameters, such as, for example, the locations of door frames 508 andwindows 506 may be determined and derived at 605 by generating a linediagram for structure 500, such as the line diagram 510 shown in FIG. 22and previously described above.

Next, method 600 includes deriving the shells (or outer borders) of theinternal and external walls of the structure at 610 based on theplurality of parameters defined at 605. For example, with reference tostructure 500, a shell diagram 520 may be derived at 610 that definesthe general outline or border 522 of the exterior walls 502 and theinterior walls 504 of structure 500. Method 600 also includes derivinginfill to be disposed within the borders of the internal and externalwalls of the structure at 615. For example, with reference to structure500, an infill diagram 530 may be derived at 615 that defines the infill531 to be disposed within the borders 522 of the exterior walls 502 andthe interior walls 504 at 615. Accordingly, at 615, a plurality of ribs(e.g., ribs 532) and lattice 534 may be derived and placed withinborders 522. In addition, the derivation of infill at 615 may furtherinclude the defining of fixed infill 538 and variable infill 536 in themanner previously described above.

Next, method 600 includes deriving a master slice at 620 that includesborders and infill derived at 610 and 615, respectively, that are sharedor are common for multiple vertical slices of the structure at 620. Forexample, with reference to structure 500, a master slice 550, previouslydescribed, may be derived at 620. Thereafter, method 600 progresses toderive a plurality of slices that each represents a vertical slice orsection of the structure at 625. For example, referring to structure500, a plurality of slices 551, 553, 555, 557 (see FIGS. 28-32 ) aredefined that each represent a vertical section or slice of structure500. In some embodiments (such as those described above), the slicesderived at 625 may be defined as variants of the master slice derived at620, such as is previously described above for slices 551, 553, 555, 557and master slice 550.

Method 600 next includes generating a set of instructions at 630 forprinting each slice derived at 625. In some embodiments, theinstructions generated at 630 may be instructions for a series of toolmovements (e.g., tool paths 572, 574), such as, movements of a printingassembly (e.g., printing assembly 100, 200, 390, etc.) across afoundation (e.g., foundation 4) as previously described above. In someembodiments, the instructions may be similar to those discussed abovefor printing slices 551, 553, 555, 557 of structure 500.

Finally, method 600 includes printing a layer of a first of the slicesat 635 per the instructions generated at 630, repeating the printing at635 to form a plurality of vertically stacked layers of the first sliceat 640, and repeating the printing at 635 and 640 to form a plurality ofvertically stacked layers of each of the slices. For example, withreference to structure 500, multiple vertically stacked layers 552 ofeach slice 551, 553, 555, 557 may be sequentially printed in apredetermined order as previously described above in order to printstructure 500. Specifically, a layer 552 of a first slice 551 may beprinted, and then additional layers 552 of first slice 551 may beprinted to form a plurality of vertically stacked layers 552 of firstslice 551. Then this process is repeated at number of times tosequentially form the plurality of stacked layers 552 of each of theslices 552, 555, 557 as previously described.

During the performance of blocks 635, 640, 645, additional componentsmay be inserted or installed within and amongst the plurality ofvertically stacked layers. For example, other structural members (e.g.,headers 554) as well as utility conduits (e.g., plumbing, electricalconductors, etc.) may be installed. In addition, the installation ofsome or all of these additional components may occur after theperformance of 635, 640, 645.

In the manner described, systems and methods for designing andconstructing a structure via 3D printing have been described. In someembodiments, the above described methods and systems may be utilizedwith any one of the constructions systems previously described herein toconstruct a structure. Accordingly, by use of the systems and methodsdisclosed herein, the time and materials required to construct astructure may be reduced.

While exemplary embodiments have been shown and described, modificationsthereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from thescope or teachings herein. The embodiments described herein areexemplary only and are not limiting. Many variations and modificationsof the systems, apparatus, and processes described herein are possibleand are within the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope ofprotection is not limited to the embodiments described herein, but isonly limited by the claims that follow, the scope of which shall includeall equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Unless expresslystated otherwise, the steps in a method claim may be performed in anyorder. The recitation of identifiers such as (a), (b), (c) or (1), (2),(3) before steps in a method claim are not intended to and do notspecify a particular order to the steps, but rather are used to simplifysubsequent reference to such steps.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of constructing a wall of a structure,wherein the structure comprises a wall, the method comprising: (a)depositing a plurality of layers of an extrudable building material on afoundation, wherein for each of the layers, comprises: (a1) depositing abead of the extrudable material to form an end cap portion of anenclosed border of the wall only at lateral edges of a door opening,window opening and at the intersection of exterior and interior walls;(a2) depositing a plurality of beads of the extrudable material withinthe enclosed border to form an infill of the wall; (a3) depositing abead perpendicular between opposing sides of the enclosed border aspaced parallel distance from the end cap portion of the enclosed borderof the wall to form a polygonal hollow core between the perpendicularbead and the end cap portion exclusive of the infill; and (b) fillingthe polygonal hollow core with an elongate steel rebar member and acement mixture extending vertically substantially the entire height ofthe door or window opening.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein (a3)comprises forming a plurality of ribs that extend perpendicularlybetween opposing sides of the enclosed border, wherein the plurality ofribs and the enclosed border define a plurality of vertically stackedpolygonal hollow cores within the enclosed border.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein (a2) comprises forming a lattice within the enclosedborder that extends between two of the polygonal hollow cores in azig-zag pattern.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein (a) comprisesaligning the enclosed border and the polygonal hollow cores for each ofthe plurality of layers.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprisinginserting a header above the door or window opening after (b) and beforeresuming (a).
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising insertingopposing distal portions of a header upon a cured said cement mixtureafter (b) and before resuming (a).
 7. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: inserting the elongate steel rebar member having a lengthsubstantially equal to the height of the door or window openingvertically a spaced distance from the inner walls of the polygonalhollow core; and inserting the cement mixture into the polygonal hollowcore to a horizontal plane that is co-planar with the top of a window ordoorjamb.
 8. A method for constructing a wall of a structure,comprising: additively depositing a plurality of border layers ofextrudable building material to form an enclosed border of the wallspaced by a door or window opening; while additively depositing theplurality of border layers, also additively depositing a plurality ofinfill layers between a plurality of pairs of rib layers that extendperpendicular between opposing sides of the border layers a spaceddistance from a plurality of end cap portions of the plurality of borderlayers existing only at lateral edges of the door opening, the windowopening and at an intersection of exterior and interior walls; and afteradditively depositing the plurality of border layers, the plurality ofinfill layers, and the plurality of rib layers, filling a hollow corethat is surrounded by the plurality of rib layers and the plurality ofend cap portions with an elongate steel rebar member and cement mixturevertically substantially the entire height of the door or window openingto form a door or window jamb.
 9. A method of construction a wall of astructure, comprising: additively forming a pair of rib membersperpendicular to opposing sides of an enclosed border member between azig zag infill member and end cap portions of the enclosed border memberexisting only at lateral edges of a door opening, window opening and atan intersection of exterior and interior walls; discontinuing saidadditively forming while filling a hollow core surrounded by the end capportions of the enclosed border and the pair of rib members with anelongate steel rebar member and cement vertically substantially theentire height of a door or window opening adjacent the end cap portionof the enclosed border member; and resuming said additively forming theinfill member and the enclosed border member after completing saidfilling the hollow core.
 10. The method of claim 9, after saiddiscontinuing and before said resuming, further comprising placing aheader above the door or window opening.
 11. The method of claim 9,wherein said additively forming comprises extruding a bead of buildingmaterial layer by layer upon a pre-existing steel reinforced foundationof the structure.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said filling thehollow core comprises: mixing a cementitious material; and placing themixed cementitious material in the hollow core from a non-printingassembly around the elongate steel rebar member that extends verticallythe height of the door or window opening from a pre-existing steelreinforced foundation of the structure.